Objective The aim of this study was to observe the effects of whole-body vertical vibration, treadmill exercise, genistein administration and estrogen injection on the uterus weight index and uterus histology as well as the expression of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3β) protein in the uterus of ovariectomized osteoporotic rats. Methods Seventy-two healthy 3-month old female SD rats were randomly divided into two groups by body weight: sham-operation group (Sham) and ovariectomized group (OVX). At 10 weeks after OVX operation, the OVX rats were randomly divided into the following five groups by body weight: OVX group, whole-body vertical vibration group (WBVV), treadmill exercise group (TX), genistein group (G) and 17β-estrogen group (E₂). Then they were treated with different methods according to the experiment design. At the end of experiment, the uterus weight was measured with an electronic balance. The uterus histology was observed with HE staining and the expressions of GSK-3β and P-GSK-3β proteins were detected by Western blot. Results Apart from E₂ treatment, all the other three treatments did not increase the uterus weight and the thickness of endometrium compared with that in the OVX rats. Apart from genistein treatment, all the other three treatments increased the ratio of protein expression of P-GSK-3β to GSK-3β compared with that in the OVX rats. Conclusions Both whole-body vertical vibration and treadmill exercise can stimulate the phosphorylation of GSK-3β in the uterus of OVX osteoporotic rats. However, genistein has no such stimulation effect.