Objective To study the effect of TGF-β1 gene therapy on the rat model of postpartum stress urinary incontinence and explore a novel non-operative treatment of this disease. Methods Two hundred and forty 6-month old SD female rats were used to prepare the model of postpartum stress urinary incontinence by vaginal dilation with a water sac. 148 rats from the 185 successfully prepared model rats were selected, and randomly divided into 5 groups: the TGF-β1 gene therapy, clentuterol treatment, electric stimulation therapy, injection of empty vector plasmid, and non-treated groups. In addition, 20 normal rats were selected as blank control group. Sneeze test and urodynamic test were conducted, the pelvic floor pubococcygeus muscle contractile force/muscle weight ratio was calculated, serum TGF-1 was detected by ELISA, and TGF-1 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry at 1, 21, 42 and 63 days after the treatment.Results At 21 days after treatment, all the maximum bladder capacity, leak point pressure, and urine or contractile force / muscle weight ratio of the TGF-β1 gene therapy group showed even better effects than those of the electrical stimulation group, but the differences were statistically not significant (P>0.05). Conclusions TGF-β1 gene therapy shows good therapeutic effect on the rat models of postpartum stress urinary incontinence, suggesting that TGF-β1 gene therapy may become a new type of non-surgical treatment for this disease.