As a model organism between cells and traditional mammals, zebrafish has shown broad application prospects in radiation medicine research with its unique advantages. It has the characteristics of high homology with human genes, high fertility, short embryonic period, transparent and easy to observe embryos, making it an important tool in radiation medicine research. Recently, zebrafish has made remarkable progress in the application of low dose radiation biological effects, radiation therapy and radiation damage prevention and treatment, and they are the key areas of radiation medicine. In this paper, these applications are reviewed in order to explore the potential value of zebrafish in radiation medicine research and provide reference for experimental research in related fields.