Biomedical?detection?dogs?(BMDD)?can?rely?on?their?sensitive?sense?of?smell?to?identify?volatile?organic?compounds?(VOCs)?produced?by?lesions,?enabling?them?to?screen?for?various?diseases?in?humans?and?plants?and?animals.?Currently,?there?is?limited?research?in?this?area?domestically.?To?address?this?gap?and?enrich?biomedical?detection?technology,?a?systematic?review?and?analysis?of?the?application?of?biomedical?detection?dogs?in?disease?screening?has?been?conducted.?This?exploration?discusses?the?underlying?scientific?basis,?current?applications,?key?points,?and?future?development?trends.?Research?indicates?that?biomedical?detection?dogs?have?significant?potential?for?development?and?application?in?screening?for?various?diseases?in?humans,?such?as?cancer,?infectious?diseases,?and?metabolic?disorders,?as?well?as?in?livestock,?aquaculture?diseases,?and?plant?pests?and?diseases.?They?are?expected?to?demonstrate?greater?economic?value?and?social?benefits?in?the?future.