Coronary microvascular disease (CMVD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by myocardial ischemia due to structural or functional abnormalities of the coronary precapillary arterioles, small arteries, and capillaries, resulting from atherosclerotic or non-atherosclerotic pathogenic factors. Given the complex pathogenesis of CMVD, the challenges in clinical diagnosis, and the increasing incidence, it is crucial to develop animal models that can comprehensively reflect the disease"s characteristics and use these models to develop targeted therapeutic agents. Current approaches to constructing CMVD animal models primarily involve increasing hemodynamic load and disrupting metabolism to simulate secondary microvascular changes caused by diseases such as hypertension and diabetes, or directly inducing microvascular obstruction through surgical ligation of the coronary arteries or injection of thrombogenic agents. This article systematically reviews the characteristics of commonly used experimental animals in CMVD models, summarizes the methods of model construction, indications, and their advantages and disadvantages, aiming to provide a reference for basic research in CMVD.