Objective To investigate the gut microbiota changes in quails with hyperuricemia and provide a reference for the pathological mechanism of hyperuricemia. Methods Difalk quails were randomly divided into the normal and model groups and fed a normal diet or high-purine diet, respectively. DNA fingerprinting of the intestinal flora in the cecal contents of quails was performed using the PCR-DGGE method and digitized to analyze the gut microbiota structure via clustering analysis. Logistic regression was used to discern the different bands, and the genes of the different bands were cloned and identified. The cecal tissue was observed via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results The gut microbiota structure of the model group quails differed from that of the normal group quails on day 28 of the experiment. The DGGE fingerprint contained 12 bands, belonging to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Inflammatory changes occurred in the cecum. Conclusions The gut microbiota structure is altered in quails with high-purine diet-induced hyperuricemia.