Astronauts are exposed to microgravity, space radiation, loneliness, noise, vibration, sleep interference, and other negative factors during space flight. These factors interfere with the body’s steady state and cause a series of uncomfortable symptoms. An in-depth understanding of the mechanism by which these factors impact on the body is important to ensure the smooth implementation of crewed space missions. This study searched the metabolomics research on the impact of aerospace factors on the human body and experimental animals using the PubMed, CNKI and other databases are resources. The aim of this literature review was to gain a deeper understanding of how the body adapts to the extreme space environment and the molecular mechanisms responsible for the impact of aerospace factors on the body, so as to provide a basis for formulating personalized protective measures and improving the safety of space flight.