Viral myocarditis (VMC), as the most common type of myocarditis, can progress to chronic myocarditis and even heart failure, ultimately leading to death. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a multifunctional transcription factor involved in regulating a wide range of biological processes. Existing evidence suggests that the balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors plays a decisive role in the prognosis of VMC. The NF-κB pathway mediates inflammatory responses and regulates pathways such as cell apoptosis, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance to participate in the pathological progression of VMC. This article analyzes and summarizes the molecular mechanism of NF-κB signaling pathway regulation in VMC from the above five aspects, to provide a reference for future basic research and for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of VMC.