As a model organism that bridges the gap between cells and traditional mammals, the zebrafish has broad application prospects in radiation medicine research. Among its unique advantages are its characteristics of a high homology with human genes, high fertility, short embryonic period, and transparent and easy to observe embryos, making it an important tool in radiation medicine research. Recently, remarkable progress has been made in the application of zebrafish to investigate low-dose radiation biological effects, radiation therapy, and radiation damage prevention and treatment, key areas of radiation medicine. In this paper, these applications are reviewed; we explore the value of zebrafish in radiation medicine research and provide a reference for experimental research in related fields.