Biomedical detection dogs (BMDD) can rely on their sensitive sense of smell to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by lesions, enabling them to screen for various diseases in humans and plants and animals. Currently, there is limited research in this area domestically. To address this gap and enrich biomedical detection technology, a systematic review and analysis of the application of biomedical detection dogs in disease screening has been conducted. This exploration discusses the underlying scientific basis, current applications, key points, and future development trends. Research indicates that biomedical detection dogs have significant potential for development and application in screening for various diseases in humans, such as cancer, infectious diseases, and metabolic disorders, as well as in livestock, aquaculture diseases, and plant pests and diseases. They are expected to demonstrate greater economic value and social benefits in the future.