Coronary microvascular disease ( CMVD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by myocardial ischemia caused by structural or functional abnormalities of the coronary precapillary arterioles, small arteries, and capillaries, resultsing from atherosclerotic or non-atherosclerotic pathogenic factors. Given the complex pathogenesis of CMVD, its increasing incidence, and the challenges in clinical diagnosis, it is crucial to develop animal models that can comprehensively reflect the disease’s characteristics and use these models to develop targeted therapeutic agents. Current approaches to constructing CMVD animal models primarily involve increasing hemodynamic load and disrupting metabolism to simulate secondary microvascular changes caused by diseases such as hypertension and diabetes, or directly inducing microvascular obstruction through surgical ligation of the coronary arteries or injection of thrombogenic agents. This article systematically reviews the characteristics of commonly used experimental animals in CMVD models, summarizes the method of model construction, the indications, and their advantages and disadvantages, to provide a reference for basic research in CMVD.