Objective Based on network pharmacology and animal experiments, this study aims to study and verify the therapeutic effect of the volatile oil of Rhizoma Chuanxiong on angina pectoris. Methods Volatile oil components were screened out by steam distillation, GC-MS and ADME parameters. Using Pubchem, SwissTarget, DisGENET, DrugBank database and R language to obtain the target of volatile oil components, angina pectoris target and intersection target respectively; Protein-protein interaction is completed through the String database; The clusterProfiler package of R language was used to analyze the GO and KEGG enrichment of the intersecting targets and construction of herbal-component-target-pathway networks by Cytoscape. Molecular docking using AutoDock vina, Pymol and Discovery Studio 2016 software, molecular docking was carried out to analyze the affinity between key targets and main volatile oil components. Finally, the therapeutic effect of volatile oil of Rhizoma Chuanxiong on angina pectoris was further verified by animal experiments. Results There were 10 volatile oil components and 22 key targets, which were closely related to neurotransmitters, receptors on synaptic membranes, material metabolism, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, retinol metabolism, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 pathways. Molecular docking results showed that 3-butylidenephthalide, Alpha-selinene, Trans-ligustilide and other volatile oil components combined with several key targets play a therapeutic role. Animal experiments show that the volatile oil of Rhizoma Chuanxiong can regulate the levels of EF, FS, SV, LVIDs and the activities of LDH, CK and AST; and promote the expression of ADRA1A and CHRM5 proteins in damaged cardiomyocytes; improve the state of myocardial fibers, reduce intercellular space, and reduce inflammatory cells Infiltration appears to protect the myocardium. Conclusion In summary, the volatile oil of Ligusticum wallichii can effectively protect the damaged myocardial tissue and play a role in treating angina pectoris.