Dwarfism is a globally rare growth disorder usually caused by genetics or disease, with the most prominent phenotype being short stature. Animal models are important tools for studying its pathogenesis, prevention, treatment options and identifying potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers. The development of genetic engineering technology has greatly promoted the application of gene-edited animal models in the study of dwarfism. In this review, we summarize and discuss the existing animal models of dwarfism from the theoretical basis, model characteristics and research applications for the reference of researchers and clinicians, so as to better carry out the research on the pathogenesis and prevention of dwarfism.