Gastric cancer is a highly prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, and its onset usually goes through the precancerous stage of gastric cancer, including chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and atypical hyperplasia. In recent years, the mouse model of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer has played an important role in studying the mechanism, pathological characteristics, and drug intervention of gastric cancer. This article systematically summarizes the research progress of animal models of gastric precancerous lesions, covering various types such as spontaneous models, chemical induction models, transgenic models, infection models, diet induction models, cell transplantation models, and radiation induction models. Different models provide a multidimensional experimental platform for studying the pathogenesis of gastric cancer by simulating the histological features (such as glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia) and molecular biological features (such as NF - κ B, Wnt/β - catenin signaling pathway activation, and the role of inflammatory mediators) of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer. In addition, model studies have revealed a close association between various pathogenic factors such as Helicobacter pylori infection, gene mutations, and chemical carcinogens and precancerous lesions of gastric cancer. However, existing models still have certain limitations in simulating the complexity, genetic heterogeneity, and tumor microenvironment of human gastric precancerous lesions. This article provides comprehensive reference for the selection and application of gastric precancerous lesion models, and provides important theoretical support for the basic research and clinical translation of gastric cancer.