Abstract:Objective The purpose of the present study was to develop an animal model of type Ⅱ diabetic coronary heart disease in Zuker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Methods The ZDF rat model of type Ⅱ diabetic coronary heart disease was prepared by high-fat diet feeding combined with continuous injection of isoprenaline hydrochloride (ISO) in a dose of 1 mg·mL^-1 for 10 consecutive days. Serum creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase izozyme (CK-MB), ST segment in electrocardiogram (ECG) and myocardial pathological changes were detected to evaluate the rat model. Results CK of both the control and model groups was gradually increased with ISO injections, while CK-MB increased first and then decreased. The ST segment in ECG part Ⅱ had significant changes. The pathological examination found that about half of the myocardial cross section in the model group was necrotic after injections of ISO for 5 days and more than 3/4 of the myocardial cross section was necrotic after injection of ISO for 10 days. The results indicated that ISO caused myocardial injury in ZDF rats. Conclusions The variation of CK-MB, CK, ST segments in ECG and myocardial necrosis indicate that the model is successfully established. The use of high-fat diet combined with continuous injection of isoprenaline hydrochloride in a dose of 1 mg·mL is a simple way to develop a Zuker diabetic fatty rat model of type Ⅱ diabetic coronary heart disease.

Abstract:Objective To establish a rat model of ulcerative colitis (UC) with spleen and kidney Yang deficiency. Methods The rat model of ulcerative colitis with spleen and kidney Yang deficiency was established by oral administration of Rhubarb decoction, intramuscular injection of hydrocortisone, and combined with ethanol enema of TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid). Sixty Wistar rats (body weight 180±20 g, male:female=1:1) were randomly divided into blank control group and groups of UC models with spleen kidney Yang deficiency for 7 days, 14 days and 21days. The serum levels of FT3, FT4, and T of the rats were detected by ELISA assay. Results Compared with the blank control group, the serum levels of FT3, FT4, and T in the groups of UC rat models with spleen kidney Yang deficiency for 7 days, 14 days and 21days were decreased to a different extent (P<0.05), especially, decreased dramatically in the model group for 21 days. Conclusions FT3, FT4, and T are sensitive indexes with spleen and kidney Yang deficiency. The detection of serum levels of FT3, FT4, and T can better verify the spleen and kidney Yang deficiency in the rats, and prove that the spleen and kidney Yang deficiency type UC animal model is successfully prepared.

Abstract:Objective To explore the impact of four different anesthetic drugs commonly used in animal experiments on cardiovascular system in rats. Methods Electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure were dynamically recorded by a BioPac MP150 system after anesthesia. In addition, the blood glucose at different time points and hepatic function, kidney function, cardiac enzymes and electrolytes at the end of the test were collected. Rusults Chloral hydrate caused severe ventricular arrhythmia. Isoflurane had inhibitory effect on the heart rate. Pentobarbital sodium induced a increase of ECG P wave. Urethane caused J point elevation of ECG. Blood pressure in the urethane-and pentobarbital sodium-treated groups were increased. Chloral hydrate caused CK to be raised, while isoflurane showed the opposite effect on CK and CKMB. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the pentobarbitol sodium and isoflurane groups were decreased. Creatinine in the chloral hydrate, pentobarbital sodium and isoflurane groups were lower, and the serum sodium and potassium were decreased in the four groups. Conclusions Chloral hydrate has obvious effect on the cardiovascular system, and is not suitable for animal studies on cardiovascular diseases. Pentobarbital sodium, urethane, isoflurane can be chosen for animal studies on cardiovascular diseases.

Abstract:Objective To determine if fetal stem cells can enter the maternal circulation during pregnancy and repair the injuries of maternal heart. Methods C57 female mice at the age of 6-8 weeks were randomly assigned to three groups:sham control, surgery without pregnancy, and surgery with pregnancy (n=8,eath group). The control sham group was developed by opening and closing of the chest. The other two groups underwent heart surgery. The myocardial infarction (MI) model was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Half of the surgical mice mated with e-GFP transgenic male mice, and another half group was not. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiographic images were recorded at pre-operation, post-operation and postpartum.The collected data were used to evaluate the heart function. The GFP expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and q-PCR.Results When compared with the sham group, both the ischemia surgery groups with and without pregnancy, the ECG ST segment was significantly increased. This measurement indicated that the myocardial ischemia surgery was successful, and no significant difference in the ST segments between two ischemia surgery groups was found. However, when ECG was measured in the surgical mice after postpartum, their myocardial ischemia was dramatically improved when compared with that of the ischemia surgery only mice. Echocardiographic images also indicated that both the surgery groups had myocardial ischemia, however, no significant difference was observed in the pregnant mice before and after postpartum. The order of the cardiac function indexes from high to low was the sham group, surgery with pregnancy group, and surgery with no pregnancy group; in particular, the cardiac function of pregnancy group was significantly enhanced compared with that of the surgery with no pregnancy group (P<0.05). More importantly, both immunofluorescence and q-PCR results showed that the embryonic stem cell translocation through circulation system with GFP expression in the heart of pregnancy group, while negative in other two groups. Conclusions Embryonic stem cells can be transferred into the maternal circulation of pregnant mice, and play a role in the repairing of their cardiac injuries.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the Alb-cre/DTR mouse phenotype, and establish a model of induced liver damage to serve basic researches of liver diseases. Methods The introduced Alb-cre and DTR mice were crossed to obtain Alb-cre/DTR mice and the genomic DNAs were extracted from the tail tissue of the mice for genotying by PCR. Diphtheria toxin was intraperitoneally(i.p.)injected into the Alb-cre/DTR mice, then the body weights were monitored and the sera were collected for the detection of serum ALT and AST levels. Results By crossing Alb-cre and DTR mice we obtained the Alb-cre and DTR double transgenic mouse. The intraperitoneal injection of diphtheria toxin in a dose of 0.625 ng/g body weight significantly induced liver injury in these mice, as showed by the elevated levels of ALT and AST, the gross appearance of liver damage and the pathological changes such as necrosis in the liver tissue. Conclusions We have obtained a novel mouse strain of Alb-cre/DTR by crossing Alb-cre and DTR mice. Liver damages in those Alb-cre/DTR mice can be induced by injection of diphtheria toxin. This established mouse model of inducible liver damage is a useful platform for the studies of liver damage and recovery, as well as liver transplantation.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the genotoxicity of aniline and repair dynamics in hepatocytes and lymphcytes. Methods Aniline was administered intragastrically to SPF Kunming mice (five mice in each group) in a single dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The hepatocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained at 3, 8, 16, 24, and 32 hours after aniline administration, respectively. The control mice received tap water only. The DNA damages were detected by single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE) and the time-effect relationship was analyzed. Results The results of SCGE experiment showed that both the tail lenth and tail moment of the hepatocyte DNA were increased gradually from 8 h, and reached the maximum at 16 h (P<0.01) after aniline administration. As time went on, DNA damage was recovered gradually, and the two DNA damage indexes were completely returned to control levels at 32 h after aniline administration (P>0.05). The two DNA damage indexes of peripheral blood lymphocytes started to increase at 16 h, reached the maximum at 24 h (P<0.01), and began to recover at 32 h after aniline administration. Conclusions Our findings suggeste that aniline may be a potential genotoxicant to hepatocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes. There is a clear time-response relationship in terms of the two DNA damage indexes, indicating that hepatocytes and lymphocytes in mice possess an efficient DNA repair mechanism against aniline toxicity.

Abstract:Objective To compare and analyze the differences and characteristics of three strain mouse models infected by influenza virus aerosol inhalation, and provide the reference for choosing the appropriate infection model in the research of pathogenesis of influenza and the development of vaccines and drugs. Method C57BL/6, BALB/c and ICR mice were infected with A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) virus strain by aerosol inhalation. The symptoms and body weight of mice were observed every day. At 3, 7, 14 days after infection, the mice were sacrificed. The lungs of mice were weighed, then virus assay and pathological observation were carried out. Results The three strains of mice were infected. The survival rate in the C57BL/6 mice was lower than those in the BALB/c and ICR mice. The lung index and viral load of C57BL/6 mice were significantly higher than those of ICR mice (P<0.05) at 3 days after infection. The pathological changes of C57BL/6 mice were also more obvious than other two strains. Compared with other two mouse strains, the weight recovery of BALB/c mice was the slowest. The survival rate in BALB/c mice was higher than that of C57BL/6 mice and lower than that of ICR mice. The lung index and viral load were not significantly different among the three strains of infected mice. The pathological changes among the three strains of infected mice were similar, but the degrees of pathological changes in the BALB/c mice were milder than in the C57BL/6 mice and worse than in the ICR mice. Compared with other two mouse strains, the process of disease is similar, but the body weight, mortality, lung index, viral load, and the microscopic pathological changes were lighter in the ICR mice than in the other two strain mice. Conclusions The three strain mouse models can be established by influenza virus aerosol inhalation, but showing different characteristics. Appropriate strain mice can be chosen to build model according to different research purpose in the experiment.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hesperidin (HDN) on antioxidant activity in mice. Methods HDN scavenging free radicals was detected by spectrophotometry, inhibition of mitochondrial swelling was detected by pyrogallol autoxidation, and erythrocyte hemolysis was detected by Fe²⁺ phenanthroline. The mice were fed with HDN at different concentrations (0, 80, 160, 320 mg/kg) by gastric gavage for 12 days. ELISA and spectrophotometric methods were used to assay the amount of MDA in mouse liver and kidney tissues and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-PX), and the antioxidant enzyme gene mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. Results Compared with the control group, the radical (·OH, O₂^-·, DPPH·) clearance rate was significantly increased in the HDN groups. There was a significant decrease of oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes and mitochondrial swelling in vitro. MDA content in the mouse liver and kidney tissues and serum showed a decrease, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-PX) in the HDN group was significantly higher than that in the control group. There was an up-regulation of mRNA expression of antioxidant enzyme in mouse liver and kidney tissues. Conclusions The results showed that HDN can eliminate free radicals, reduce cell oxidative damage caused by free radicals, inhibit superoxide production, up-regulate antioxidant enzyme gene expression and enhance their enzyme activity, thus showing a good antioxidant effect.

Abstract:Objective The purpose of this study was to establish and evaluate a mouse model of sepsis for studying the mechanism of sepsis and development of anti-inflammatory drugs. Methods The sepsis in mice was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The survival rates, microbial load, liver and kidney damages, cytokines and pathological changes were detected to evaluate the mouse models. Results The death of mice was closely related with the ligated sites. The mice with 50% cecal ligation displayed about 40% of 12-day survival rate, however, all the mice with 75% cecum ligation died within 4 days (P<0.01). Compared with the sham surgery group, the mice with 50% cecal ligation had a high microbial load in the blood and abdominal cavity. Leukopenia was also emerged (P<0.001). CLP mice demonstrated elevated levels of serum ALT, AST and BUN (P<0.01). The levels of IL1α, IL6, IL10, MIP1α, MIP1β, and TNFα were increased a lot. The liver and lung showed obvious pathological injury at 48 h post CLP. Conclusions The established mouse model of CLP shows typical characteristics of sepsis and is an ideal tool for further study of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Abstract:Objective To analyze and compare the characteristics and differences of corneal endothelial cells of rhesus monkey and tree shrew eyes. Methods Corneal endothelial cells of 6 healthy rhesus monkeys (12 eyes) and 20 healthy tree shrews (40 eyes) were measured using a non-contact SP3000P specular microscope. Eight parameters were determined and compared with relevant parameters of human eyes reported in the literature, including minimum cell area (S_min), maximum cell area (S_max), average cell area (S_avg), standard deviation of cell area (SD), coefficient of variability (CV), cell density (CD), hexagonality percentage (HG%) and central corneal thickness (CCT). Results The imaging and measurement of all parameters could be completed in a short time both in rhesus monkeys and tree shrews. The time spent in the two kinds of animals was not significantly different. The CCT was (449.2±12.8) μm and (262.4±24.6) μm, S_min was (120.4±26.3) S/μm² and (153.2±42.9) S/μm², S_max was (705.0±130.8) S/μm² and (468.7±109.3) S/μm², S_avg was (351.1±26.1) and (295.4±18.9) S/μm², S_SD was (113.1±27.4) and (75.9±27.3) S/μm², CV was (31.9±6.0) and (25.3±8.3), CD was (2874.2±203.8) p/cell·mm^-2 and (3399.3±224.7) p/cell·mm^-2, and the HG% was (58.6±9.1) and (94.0±9.7) in the rhesus monkeys andt tree shrews, respectively. The differences of all the above parameters between rhesus monkeys and tree shrews were statistically significant (P<0.05 for all). The cornea of tree shrews was significantly thinner than that of rhesus monkeys. The area and coefficient of variability of tree shrews were smaller to those of rhesus monkeys, while the cell density and hexagonality percentage were higher than those of rhesus monkeys. Compared with human eyes, the CCT, CV and HG% in rhesus monkeys were highly similar, while the CD was lower than that of human eyes. The CCT in tree shrew was only 60% of the rhesus monkey eyes and 50% of human eyes, while the CD and Savg were similar to that of human eyes in the 10-20 years old group. Conclusions The morphology and parameters of corneal endothelial cells in rhesus monkeys and tree shrews are significantly different. There are similarities and differences among the human, rhesus monkey and tree shrew corneal endothelial cells. Both rhesus monkeys and tree shrews are appropriate experimental animals feasible for researches on human corneal endothelial diseases.

Abstract:Objective To establish a rapid SNP(single-nucleotide polymorphism)genetic identification method for the frozen samples, such as frozen embryos and sperm of inbred mice. Methods In this study, the frozen embryos and sperm of inbred mice were provided by Shanghai Lab. Animal Research Center. Whole genome amplification and PCR-LDR genotyping system were used to get the rich DNA sample. Forty-five SNP were genotyped by multiple polymerase chain reaction and ligase detection reaction(PCR-LDR). Results The electrophoresis results showed that the whole genome amplification technique could highly increase the total DNA of frozen embryos. PCR-LDR typing method was suitable for the mouse genome typing of 45 SNPs.Ten strains of inbred frozen embryos and sperms of C57BL/6, BALB/c, FVB/NJ mice were genotyping identified, and their SNP loci data obtained by PCR-LDR were as the same as those of database.The number of frozen mouse embryos was proportional to the number of SNPs detected, and when the embryo number reached more than 12, the detection rate of SNP was 100%.Conclusions This method can be used to the genetic quality identification, and rapidly identify the inbreed frozen mouse embryos and sperms.

Abstract:Objective Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases. Adiponectin (APN) has been shown to have an anti-AS effect, and the underlying mechanisms, however, are largely unknown. Nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) has also been regarded as a proatherogenic factor, mainly because of its regulation of a variety of the proinflammatory genes linked to AS. It is hypothesized that the inhibitory effects of APN on AS is through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis via investigation and validation of the inhibitory effect of APN on AS in ApoE^-/-mice, and to delineate the roles of NF-κB signaling pathway in modulating the APN effect on AS in vivo.Methods APN overexpression in ApoE^-/- mice were mediated by transfecting adenovirus bearing a vector encoding for APN and enhanced green fluorescent protein (Ad-APN-eGFP). The AS in ApoE^-/- mice was induced by feeding a high-fat diet. To validate the inhibitory effect of the adenovirus mediated APN overexpression on AS in the ApoE^-/-mice. 120 male ApoE^-/- mice aged 12 weeks were randomly and evenly assigned into two groups (60 mice per group), and were fed with a high-fat diet to induce AS. At 0 day, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of high-fat diet feeding. The 2 groups of mice were injected intravenously in the tail with either 100 μL (3.0×10⁸ p.f.u) of Ad-eGFP virus (control group) or the same amount of Ad-APN-eGFP virus (APN group). Blood samples and aortic tissues were taken at 0 day, 4, and 8 weeks of high-fat diet feeding. For the blood samples, FABA was used to analyze the concentrations of blood lipids and ELIZA was used to test the concentrations of serum APN. For the aortic tissues, oil red O staining was used to detect the surface lesion percentage. Masson staining was used to evaluate the collagen content and fibrous cap thickness of the plaque area. Immunofluorescence method was used to detect APN and NF-κB p65 expression. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of APN,nuclear NF-κB p65 and the downstream factors of NF-κB pathway. Results APN inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE^-/-mice. The lesion formation in aortic sinus was significantly inhibited (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the oil red O staining showed that the surface area ratio of atherosclerotic lesions was decreased significantly in the Ad-APN group (P<0.001):the percentage of surface lesions in the 4 weeks groups was 27.78±8.64 vs. 33.02±5.18 (%); the 8 weeks groups was 31.58±5.87 vs. 52.16±5.79 (%).As the serum APN was increased,the concentration of TC, TG and LDL-C were significantly decreased(P<0.001 for all), and the growth of body weight was slowed down(P<0.05). APN effectively inhibited the expression of NF-κB nuclear protein p65 and inflammatory factors. Conclusions Adiponectin reduces the inflammatory reactions in atherosclerosis through inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

Abstract:Objective Through the proficiency validation of testing of mammalian orthoreovirus 3 (Reo3)antibody in laboratory mice, to investigate the capacity of experimental animal quality control laboratories, so as to improve the detection capacity. Methods According to the program approved by CNAS, serum samples after calibration were tested for stability and homogeneity, and numbered randomly. The random samples were issued to the participant laboratories with the Standard Operation Procedure(SOP). The participants must submit the test reports and original records in time. The feedback results were judged by the concordance rate with the anticipated results. Results 27 laboratories from 17 provinces were enrolled in this evaluation project, all of them submitted detection results on time. Results All the 27 laboratories were marked as pass or excellent, with a pass rate of 100%. ELISA was used in 26 laboratories, and immunofluorescence assay was used in one laboratory. Conclusions The ability for detection of Reo3 antibody in laboratory mice in animal test laboratories is high. The implementation of proficiency testing can reflect the inspection level of quality control laboratories.

Abstract:Objective Through the detection of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus(RHDV) antibody, to investigate the capacity of experimental animal quality control laboratories, so as to improve their detection proficiency. Methods According to the program approved by CNAS, the screened samples were numbered randomly and tested for their stability and homogeneity. The random samples were issued to the participant laboratories with the Standard Operation Procedure (SOP). The participant laboratories must submit the test reports and original records in time. The feedback results were judged by the rate of concordance with the anticipated results. Results Twenty laboratories from 14 provinces were enrolled in the evaluation, and all of them submitted detection results on time. ELISA methods were used in 14 laboratories, and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay was used in 6 laboratories. The results of 17 laboratories were marked as pass or excellent, with a rate of pass of 85%. Conclusions The ability for detection of RHDV antibody in animal test laboratories in China is high. The implementation of capacity testing can reflect the level of quality control laboratories.

Abstract:Objective To understand the Salmonella detectability in the laboratory animal testing laboratories, improve the level of detection for the quality of laboratory animals, by means of laboratory animals Salmonellaproficiency testing program. Method According to the proficiency testing program approved by CNAS, freeze-dried animal stool samples containing Salmonella bacteria and interference bacteria were prepared, and through stability and homogeneity tests qualified as proficiency testing samples. The randomly numbered samples were issued to the participating units by cold-chain transportation, and attached work instructions. The original reports and copies of the tests should be submitted on time. The sample results consistent with the results of the pretested results were considered as satisfactory, and the results inconsistent or fails to submit were judged as unsatisfactory. Results A total of 30 laboratories from 20 provinces and cities nationwide participated in this proficiency testing programs for Salmonella, including 28 (93.3%) laboratories with satisfactory results, and two laboratories unsatisfactory (6.7%). 29 laboratories used separate culture methods, and two laboratories used PCR method. Conclusions The laboratory animal quality inspection agencies have good detection ability for Salmonella. The implementation of the capacity verification plan can well reflect the detection level of laboratories.

Abstract:Objective To verify the detection ability of experimental animal quality detection laboratories in China for Staphylococcus aureus. Methods The testing samples for Staphylococcus aureusdetection were prepared by bacterial culture, homogeneity test and stability test, according to the study plan approved by CNAS. Then the samples and operation instruction were sent to the participant laboratories. The detection reports from these laboratories should be submitted before the deadline expires, and the collected data were summarized and analyzed. Results There were 28 laboratories which joined to this test plan. Among them 22 laboratories(78.57%) achieved satisfactory test results, and six laboratories(21.43%) had unsatisfactory test results. 27 Laboratories used the national standard detection assay, while only one laboratory used PCR assay. Conclusions Most of experimental animal quality testing laboratories in China have sufficient proficiency in detection of Staphylococcus aureus. The obtained information are very helpful for the laboratory ability verification testing in future.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the detection capacity of malic enzyme 1 and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (Mod1 & Idh1) in the laboratory animal monitoring laboratories in China in order to understand the detection capacity of laboratories and to improve the detection level of laboratory animals' quality. Methods Based on the program approved by CNAS, samples preparing, homogeneity test and stability test of malic enzyme 1 and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 in the mouse kidneys were carried out. Standard operation procedure and samples with random numbers were distributed to the laboratories. The laboratories should submit the result reports before the time limit expires. If the laboratory reports were the same with the standard results, the laboratories will receive satisfactory remark. If laboratory reports were not the same with the standard results, the laboratories will receive unsatisfactory remark. If a laboratory did not submit report, the laboratory will also receive unsatisfactory result. Results Eight laboratories out of 10 (80%) enrolled laboratories reported satisfactory experiment results, and two laboratories (20%) presented unsatisfactory results. Conclusions The whole detection level of laboratories in Mod1 & Idh1 is relatively high in the laboratory animals monitoring laboratories in China. It can reflect the detection level of laboratories to conduct the laboratory capacity evaluation.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the detection capacity of esterase-3 (Es-3) in the laboratory animals monitoring laboratories in China, and to improve the quality management of laboratories. Methods We prepared the test samples according to the criteria of China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS), all the samples were certificated by homogeneity test and stability test. Then, samples with random numbers and standard operation instruction were distributed to the participant laboratories. The laboratories should submit their reports before the deadline expires. When the results are the same as the standard results, the laboratories will receive excellent remark; when the results are the same as the standard results except the hybridization type, the laboratories will receive satisfactory remark; otherwise, it will receive unsatisfactory remark. If a laboratory did not submit report, the laboratory will also receive unsatisfactory remark.Results Ten laboratories participated in the program, and no laboratory received excellent remark. Nine laboratories (90.0% of enrolled laboratories) had satisfactory results, while one laboratory (10.0% of enrolled laboratories) had unsatisfactory results. Conclusions The nationwide overall detection level of laboratories in Es-3 is relatively high. However, some details should be noticed and several laboratories should improve their detecting ability.

Abstract:Objective To explore the establishment methods of animal models of adult growth hormone deficiency, and to provide a good model for experimental research and treatment for abnormal bone metabolism caused by growth hormone deficiency.Methods The methods of establishment of animal models of adult growth hormone deficiency were reviewed and evaluated refering to literature.Results There were three methods including spontaneous lack-of, pituitectomized and gene knockout can establish animal models of adult growth hormone deficiency. Conclusions Hypophysectomized animal models are inexpensive and easy to create, but not suitable for studying the relationship between growth hormone and bone metabolism.Spontaneous lack-of and gene knockout models are specific growth hormone deficiency and of great research significance in exploring the relationship between growth hormone and bone metabolism.

Abstract:Liver cancer remains one of the leading cause of cancer death in the world. Animal models, especially mouse models, are important tools for studying the biological characteristics, pathogenesis, new drug screening and therapy of liver cancer. Up to now, although the development of various animal models accelerates the research of liver cancer, all the existing models have their own disadvantages. Lacking of economical and applicable animal models that can mimic the human liver cancer seriously restrict the further study of liver cancer. With the development of genetically modified technologies, it provides a fast, easy and reliable method to establish liver cancer models. In this review, we describe the different types of mouse models used in liver cancer research, with emphasis on genetically engineered mice used in this field, which may open an avenue for functional cancer genomics and generation of liver cancer models by using gene editing technologies.

Abstract:Thin endometrium is an important factor influencing the in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, and there is a lack of effective therapy in the treatment of thin endometrium. The aim of this study was to explore a stable animal model of effective thin endometrium, and to promote the research on thin endometrium pathogenesis and provide experimental basis of treatment.To analyze a variety of establishments of endometrial damage animal model reported in the domestic and foreign literatures,it is concluded that perfusing 95% ethanol into uterine cavities of rats can establish a rat model of thin endometrium,and put forward some experience and methods for its improvement.