Abstract:Objective This study aimed to explore the possibility of establishing a model of sick sinus syndrome by using miR-5572 transgenic mice. Methods F1 and F2 miR-5572 transgenic mice were bred and genotyped, and then observed the phenotype levels of miR-5572 transgenic mice by morphology, electrocardiogram record (ECG) and the Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 expressions levels of mRNA and protein in sinoatrial node tissue of homozygous, heterozygote and wild type mice.Results Compared with the wild type and heterozygous mice,the miR-5572 homozygous mice showed a development delay and smaller body shape,and had slower average heart rate.The mRNA and protein levels of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 in the sinoatrial node tissues were significantly lower.Conclusions The results of this study indicate that miR-5572 homozygous mice may be an efficient approach to establish the model of sick sinus syndrome

Abstract:Objective To study the expression and regulation of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) susceptibility gene Hmga2 in endometrial receptivity and decidualization. Methods Experiments including early pregnancy, delayed implantation and activation, artificial decidualization and ovarian steroid hormone treatment were performed, and Q-PCR and Western blot analyses were applied to explain the role of Hmga2 in endometrial receptivity.Results The Hmga2 expression increased gradually with pregnancy. Its expression at the implantation site was significantly higher than that at the inter-implantation site,in the embryo activation group than in delayed implantation group, and in the artificial decidualization than the non-decidualization. The expression of Hmga2 was positively correlated with the expression of estrogen and progesterone, and was positively regulated by estrogen and progesterone in vivo.Conclusions Our findings indicate that the expression of Hmga2 is closely related to the embryo implantation process in early pregnancy in mice, is involved in the process of endometrial decidualization, and is influenced by the activated blastocyst and steroid hormones.

Abstract:Objective To clarify the impairment mechanisms of acute hyperglycemia in the first-phase insulin secretion in mice. Methods The mouse model of acute glucose toxicity was established by glucose infusion through jugular vein catheterization. The glucose and insulin levels were assessed by IPGTT and OGTT in the mice of acute hyperglycemia and control groups. The histology of pancreatic islets was observed using HE staining and the insulin granules and other cytoplasmic organelles were observed by electron microscopy.Results The mouse model of acute hyperglycemia was successfully established. The IPGTT showed that the blood glucose level was decreased by 87% (10.3±0.33 mmol/L vs. 19.3±1.66 mmol/L) at 15 min in the acute hyperglycemia group compared with the control group. The OGTT showed that the blood glucose level was decreased by 85% (9.8±0.31 mmol/L vs. 18.16±1.01 mmol/L) at 30 min in the acute hyperglycemia group compared with the control group. However, the peak values of insulin secretion were delayed in both IPGTT and OGTT. Insulin levels at 2.8 and 16.7 mmol/L glucose stimulation in the acute hyperglycemia group was declined by 46% and 67% than the control group, respectively (P<0.05). Residual insulin content in islet β cells was declined by 49% at 2.8 mmol/L and 94% at 16.7 mmol/L glucose infusion than the control group (P<0.05). The histology showed irregular structure of pancreatic islets in the acute hyperglycemia group. The electron microscopy revealed that the amount of insulin granules was decreased, and more cytoplasmic vacuoles and swollen mitochondria were observed.Conclusions Acute intravenous glucose load decreases insulin content of islet β cells, leading to decrease and delay of the first-phase insulin secretion.

Abstract:Objective To improve the classic Vannucci method for establishing a model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the neonatal mice. Methods Postnatal day 11 KM mice were randomly assigned into normal control group (N group, n=20) and hypoxic-ischemic brain damage group (HIBD group, n=160). For the HIBD group, the left common carotid artery of mice was ligated and exposed to hypoxia according to different conditions in the groups C1-C8, then compared the mortality and the success rates of all groups. TTC staining and relative infarct volume was measured to select the most stable conditions of modeling. In all groups, the growth and development of mice were evaluated by body weight growth curve at different time points after modeling. Longa test, grip test and hanging test were porformed to assess the neuromotor function. HE staining was used to detect cerebral neuronal pathological changes.Results Neonatal mouse models of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage were established by the left common carotid artery ligation and hypoxia for 45 min under conditions of 8% O₂ and 35℃, which resulted a low mortality rate (8.3%) and high success rate (47.92%). Compared with the normal group, mice of the HIBD group grew slowly in body weight and showed severe motor dysfunction. The ligation side of cerebral artery showed infarction area which accounted for 7.76±0.70% of the total brain. The cortex and hippocampus of ligated brain tissue showed neuron degeneration and necrosis.Conclusions The neonatal mouse model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage is successfully established by our modified method, i.e. to ligate the left common carotid artery and to expose the mice to hypoxia at 8% O₂ and 35℃ for 45 min. This model provides a liable and stable experimental animal model for research of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.

Abstract:Objective To establish a model of acute gouty arthritis(AGA) in rats and observe its maintenance time. Methods The AGA model of rats was established by injecting monosodium urate (MSU) at the concentration of 25 mg/mL into the ankle joint cavity. The rats were observed for 8 d at different time points. Skin temperature, degree of joint swelling, gait, inflammatory cells in synovial fluid, histopathological changes of synovial tissue and other indicators were observed to determine whether the modeling and maintenance time were successful.Results At 3 h after modeling, differences in the swelling of ankle joint, increase of skin temperature, abnormal gait, the number of inflammatory cells in synovial fluid, synovial hyperplasia, capillary congestion, and disarrangement of synovial cells in the rats were observed in the saline group and the model group (P <0.01). At 4 hours after modeling, the above mentioned inflammatory changes in the saline group were significantly reduced, compared with that at 3 h, showing a significant difference (P<0.01), while the inflammatory changes of the model group were increased significantly compared with that at 3 hours (P<0.01), and showed significant difference compared with the saline group (P<0.01). At 24 h after modeling, the indexes in the rats of saline group returned to normal, but the inflammation of the model group was increased. At 48-72 h after modeling, the local inflammation such as ankle swelling, skin temperature, and abnormal gait of the rats in the model group reached a peak. The inflammation of the ankle joint in the model group was gradually reduced from 96 to 168 h after the model was established, but there were still significant differences in the indexes compared with the blank group (P<0.01). At 192 h after modeling, the joint swelling, skin temperature and abnormal gait of the rats in the model group returned to normal, however, there were significant differences in the number of inflammatory cells and the pathological changes of synovial membrane compared with the blank group (P<0.01).Conclusions A rat model of AGA can be successfully prepared and identified at 4 h after modeling by injection of MSU crystal suspension into the ankle joint cavity. This rat model of AGA can be maintained at least 168 hours after modeling.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of prolonged stroboscopic illumination exposure on the growth of eyeball of guinea pig. Methods Thirty 2-week-old guinea pigs were randomized into three groups (n=10 for each). Two strobe-reared groups were raised with 20 Hz sinusoidal and 20 Hz square wave stroboscopic illumination, respectively. The control group received usual light illumination.The illumination intensity was 500 lux. All animals underwent refraction and biometric measurements prior to and after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of treatment. Finally, flash electroretinograms were compared, and retinal microstructures were examined.Results There was a significant correlation between refractive errors and axial eye elongation, and myopia increasing was observed with eye elongation. After 8 weeks of treatment, the animals raised in 20 Hz sinusoidal and 20 Hz square wave stroboscopic illumination were (-0.75±0.79)D and (-1.50±0.91)D more myopic than the group raised in continuous illumination. The implicit time of the a-wave was delayed by 3.8 and 7.9 ms, respectively. No significant difference was found in retinal ultrastructures among the three groups.Conclusions Chronic exposure to 20 Hz sinusoidal or square wave stroboscopic illumination alters the emmetropization of the guinea pig eye to some extent.

Abstract:Objective To explore the effect of single local intraosseous injection of small dose simvastatin on the angiogenesis and cardiac function in rats after myocardial infarction. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were divided into sham operation group, myocardial infarction model group and intraosseous injection of simvastatin 0.5 mg group (all n=12 per group). The left anterior descending branch of coronary artery was ligated to establish a rat model of myocardial infarction. The left ventricular function was evaluated by small animal echocardiography at 4 weeks postoperatively. The rest of the rats were sacrificed, the myocardial infarct size was evaluated by TTC staining, and the myocardial neovascularization was detected by immunofluorescence staining.Results We successfully established the rat model of myocardial infarction. The echocardiography showed that the left ventricular systolic function was decreased significantly at 4 weeks after myocardial infarction. Intraosseous injection of simvastatin (0.5 mg) did not improve the left ventricular function after myocardial infarction in the rats. TTC staining showed that intraosseous injection of simvastatin did not reduce myocardial infarct size. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the myocardial capillary density of simvastatin group was slightly higher than that of myocardial infarction model group, but showing no significant difference between them.Conclusions Intraosseous injection of simvastatin 0.5 mg 24 hours after myocardial infarction cannot significantly promote myocardial angiogenesis, which is believed to be beneficial to the revascularization after ischemia, and thus failed to improve the cardiac function.

Abstract:Objective To establish a small intestinal organoid culture system as an in vitro study model of intestinal epithelial cells, and to explore the relevant pathological detection techniques and provide a convenient platform for in vitro study of various intestinal diseases. Methods The mouse intestinal epithelium was isolated and cultured into organoids to simulate the growth and development of intestinal epithelium in vitro. The proliferation and differentiation signals were detected by immunohistochemistry and three-dimensional immunofluorescence technique.Results The culture system of the mouse small intestine epithelium was established. Immunohistochemical staining and three-dimensional immunofluorescence technique were successfully used to detect the growth and development of small intestinal organoids.Conclusions The successfully established mouse small intestinal organoid culture system and application of immunoassay technology will gradually become a most favorable technical means for studies of various intestinal diseases.

Abstract:Objective To study the effect of electroacupuncture on repair of spinal cord injury and its effect on somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) in dog models of intervertebral disc prolapse. Methods Nine Beagle dogs were randomly divided into three groups. In the model group and electroacupuncture group, the dog disc prolapse models were made by balloon compression, and in the electroacupuncture group, electroacupuncture was used every day for 14 days after operation. The model group was not treated after surgery. Sham operation was performed in the control group. Each dog was scored according to the Texas Spinal Cord Injury Scale for Dogs (TSCIS) scores before surgery (day 0) and on days 1, 4, 7, 14 after surgery. At the same time, SEP wave was measured using an EMG Evoked Potential Measuring Systerm and its latency and amplitude were analyzed.Results There was a significant difference in TSCIS scores between the model group, electroacupuncture group and control group at 1 day after operation. There was a significant difference between the electroacupuncture and model groups at 14 days after surgery. The amplitude of SEP in the model and electroacupuncture groups was significantly different from that in the control group at 1 day after operation, and there was a significant difference between the electroacupuncture and model groups at 14 days after operation. There was a significant difference in the latency of SEP between the model and electroacupuncture groups at 4 days after operation, and between the electroacupuncture and model groups after at 14 days after operation.Conclusions Electroacupuncture can effectively promote healing of spinal cord injury in dogs with intervertebral disc prolapse, improve the TSCIS scores, restore SEP waveform, shorten the latency and enhance the amplitude. SEP can reflect the degree of spinal cord injury to a certain extent, and can be used to evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture treatment in these dogs.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this work was to study whether PM_2.5 induces oxidative stress and histopathological changes in uterine tissue of rats. Methods Thirty 4-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group (normal saline), the low dose of PM_2.5 group (1.5 mg/kg) and the high dose of PM_2.5 group (37.5 mg/kg). After exposed to PM_2.5 for 10 days, the rats were sacrificed to examine the histopathological changes in uterine tissues using H&E staining. The contents of SOD, GSH, MDA and LDH were also determined in the uterine tissues.Results Compared with the control group, PM_2.5 caused changes in the uterine structure, showing a thinner endometrial epithelium and reduction of stromal cells and blood vessels. The assessment of oxidative stress parameters showed that the levels of MDA and LDH in the high dose group were (6.53±1.24) nmol/mg prot and (265.62±24.65) U/g prot, significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the levels of SOD and GSH in the high dose and low dose groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05).Conclusions PM_2.5 exposure can cause damages in the rat uterus by inducing oxidative stress.

Abstract:Objective To optimize the optimal doses of histamine and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in the establishment of guinea pigs models of itching, and to establish a new guinea pig model of itching. Methods The central composite design-response surface method was used to arrange the experiment. In the experiment different pruritus agents were hypodermically injection of 0.5 mL in the depilated area, and the scratching incubation period and scratching number in 30 minutes were counted after the injection. The guinea pig itching model was evaluated by observing the behavioral changes of guinea pigs and measuring the levels of histamine and interleukin-6 in the blood.Results The behavioral experiments found that the scratching frequency in the the combination group was significantly higher than the histamine group and 4-AP group (P<0.01). The itching latency of the combination group was significantly shorter than that of the histamine group and 4-AP group (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the histamine concentrations of the combination group and histamine group were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the level of the combination group was lower than that of the histamine group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the serum IL-6 concentrations of histamine group, 4-AP group and combination group were significantly higher (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and those in the combination group were significantly higher than the histamine and 4-AP groups. Compared with the control group, pathologic examination showed proliferation of inflammatory cells in all model groups, and the reaction of the combination group was more obvious.Conclusions The optimal conditions used in this experiment are easy to achieve and have good reproducibility in the establishment of a guinea pig model of itching.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to establish a rat models of pulmonary artery hypertention with monocrotaline, and to study the relationship between the evolution of right ventricular function and the evolution of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the right ventricular function. Methods Rat models of pulmonary artery hypertension were established by monocrotaline (MCT). The model rats were divided into 4 groups:the 1-week-PAH group, 2-week-PAH group, 3-week-PAH group, and 4-week-PAH group, and pulmonary artery pressure in the rats was measured by right heart catheterization. After injection of MCT, we used MRI to evaluate the ventricular function of the rats every week. All the measurement data of right ventricular function in the model group were compared with the average pulmonary pressure using Pearson's correlation test.Results There were strong correlations between the parameters of RV function in model group with the average pulmonary pressure (r=-0.823 for RV EF, r=0.732 and 0.803 for RV EDV and RV ESV). At 2 weeks after injection of monocrotaline, the mean pulmonary pressure, right ventricular eject fraction (RVEF), the end-diastolic volume (EDV) and the end-systolic volume (ESV)of right ventricle between rats in PAH and the control group showed no significant difference (P>0.05). But three-four weeks after MCT injection, all these parameters were significantly different in the PAH rats than in control rats (P<0.05).Conclusions As the pulmonary arterial pressure is increased in the rats, the right ventricular function is gradually impaired. For the monitoring of chronic pulmonary artery hypertension in rats, MRI can be used to accurately measure the changes of parameters. The PAH can be indicated by looking at the changes of parameter such as RV EF, RV EDV and RV ESV.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the changes of metabolic pathways in the process of immunesuppression in mice caused by cyclophosphamide by metabolomic analysis. Methods Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes of immune cells, and the results were analyzed using partial least squares model. The potential biomarkers were screened by variable importance in projection (VIP) parameters in the partial least squares model, and the differential metabolites were determined by statistical analysis. The differential metabolites were identified using the metabolomics rapid identification and analysis software. Nine kinds of metabolites were identified by searching and calculation, and result of pathway enrichment showed three differential metabolic pathways.Results Cyclophosphamide had a significant effect on the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, metabolism of mitochondrial fatty acids, metabolism of glycophospholipid, biosynthesis of steroid hormones, metabolism of arachidonic acid, metabolism of fatty acids, and the biosynthesis of pyrimidine.Conclusions The most important metabolic pathways affected by cyclophosphamide in the normal body are the metabolism of arachidonic acid, glycophospholipid and pyrimidine.

Abstract:Objective To establish an animal model of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis induced by chemical substances, and provide a reliable animal model and evaluation method for pathological mechanism and pharmaceutical research of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Methods SD male rats were randomly divided into control group and model groups A, B and C. The three model groups were respectively treated with 20, 50 and 100 μL of 1% sterile carrageenan, injected into the left and right ventral lobes of rat prostate. The control group was injected 50 μL sterile normal saline. The rats were sacrificed at 7 days after carrageenan injection, and the anatomical changes were analyzed, and the prostate index, leukocyte count, the histology of prostate, and the protein expressions of TNF-α, NF-κB, IKKα, p-IKB-α and COX-2 were analyzed.Results Compared with the sham operation group, the softness of prostate tissue of groups A, B and C was decreased, the elasticity of the prostatic tissue was weakened, and the prostate tissues of model groups were adhered to surrounding tissues. The total number of leukocytes and the prostate index of model groups A, B and C were significantly increased (P<0.01), by 21.1%, 61.7% and 72.7%, respectively. The total increase rate of white blood cell in the model groups A, B and C was 75%, 103.6% and 114.8%, respectively. Pathological examination showed that the interstitial edema of the prostate of model group A was minimal, but obvious in the groups B and C. Moreover, in the group C, the prostate atrophy was obvious, and some of the glands were degenerated and necrotic. The protein expression levels of NF-κB, IKKα, p-IKB-α, TNF-α, and COX-2 in the prostate tissue were increased to a different extent in all model groups.Conclusions Inflammatory reactions can be induced by injecting 20, 50 or 100 μL of 1% sterile carrageenan into the right and left ventral lobes of the rat prostate. However, the 20 μL dose is too small, inducing only weak inflammatory response, with considerable operation error, while the dose of 100 μL induced excessive inflammatory response, even rat death. The dose of of 50 μL injection is most suitable to establish rat models of nonbacterial prostatitis, showing apparent activation of NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.

Abstract:Objective To establish an anxiety-like gastric hypersensitivity (GHS) rat model of functional dyspepsia induced by new sequential stress. Methods Twenty-six male 1-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups were randomly divided into control and model groups (n=13 in each group). The model rats received sequential stress from postnatal day 2:neonatal maternal separation (NMS), acute gastric irritation (AGI) and restraint stress (RS). The control rats were reared freely with their mothers without undergoing the sequential stress. From postnatal 8^th week all rats started to receive elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OF), abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) and electromyographic test (EMG).Results EPM and OF experiments depicted that the model rats showed obvious anxiety-like behavior (P<0.05 or P<0.01). AWR and EMG tests exhibited that the model rats had elevated gastric hypersensitivity to gastric distention (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusions An anxiety-like GHS rat model of functional dyspepsia can be successfully established with our new method of sequential stress.

Abstract:Objective To study the effects of maca extract on exercise endurance and blood hormone levels in the rats. Methods Wistar rats treated with maca extract (2.0, 4.0, 8.0 g/kg body weight) were freely swimming in the circulating water flow daily for 15 days. On the 16th day of experiment, the exercise endurance and blood noradrenaline (NA), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) levels of the rats were determined.Results The rats administered with maca extract at the doses of 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 g/kg body weight for 15 d showed that the swimming time before sinking was increased by 32.51%, 60.04%, 106.52%, the total swimming time was extended by 16.99%, 56.50%, and 101.73% respectively (P<0.01); while the number of sinking was decreased by 18.89%, 35.89%, and 58.06%, respectively (P< 0.01), compared with those swimming rats without maca extract treatment. The noradrenaline level in the blood of rats treated with maca extract 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 g/kg body weight was increased by 3.30%, 6.60%, and 16.50%, respectively, compared with the control group, and increased by 42.49%,47.05%, and 60.70%, respectively, compared with the swimming rats without extract treatment; the E₂ level was increased by 132.83%,102.72%, and 62.26% (P<0.01)respectively, compared with the control group, while decreased by 23.88%, 33.72%, and 46.95% (P<0.01) respectively, compared with the swimming rats without extract treatment. The blood testosterone level was increased by 5.11%, 37.65%, and 123.16% (P<0.01) respectively, compared with the control group, and increased by 28.98%, 68.92%, and 173.85%, (P<0.01) respectively, compared with the swimming rats without extract treatment.Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that maca extract has effect to resist fatigue and enhance exercise capacity in rats. The mechanism is associated with reduced blood E₂, and increased noradrenaline and testosterone levels in the blood of rats.

Abstract:Objective To explore whether alcohol promotes the development of breast cancer in TA2 mice and the possible potential mechanism. Methods Thirty-two 6-8-week old nulliparous female TA2 mice were randomly divided into control and ethanol-exposure groups, 16 mice in each group. The mice of the ethanol-exposure group were given 2% ethanol in drinking water, and the mice of control group received regular drinking water. Serum ethanol concentration in the TA2 mice was measured using an ANALOX AM1 alcohol analyzer. The incidence of breast cancer, tumor growth rate and tumor size of the ethanol-exposure and control groups were observed and compared. The estrogen levels of the two groups was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELASA).Results Compared with the control group, the tumor formation rate of spontaneous breast cancer in the alcohol-exposure group was significantly increased (62.5% vs. 43.75%, P<0.05), the average number of days of tumor formation was shortened (285 days vs. 335 days, P<0.05), the tumor weight and volume were increased but not significant (P>0.05), and the level of estrogen in the ethanol-exposure mice was significantly higher than that in the control group (P>0.05).Conclusions Alcohol promotes the tumorigenesis of spontaneous breast cancer in TA2 mice, which may be associated to the increase of estrogen levels.

Abstract:Objective To study the effect of curcumin on rat model of N-methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced bladder cancer and its mechanism. Methods One hundred SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group (n=10), model group (n=10), intervention group (n=40) and treatment group (n=40). Rats in the control group received intravesical infusion of distilled water. Rats in the other three groups were given MNU (1 mg/mL) in 2 mL saline at 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks to induce bladder cancer. In the model group, the rats were injected with distilled water in the bladder. The rats in the intervention group received 2 mL curcumin solution (400 μmol/L) at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th weeks, and were sacrificed at the 11th week. In the model group, the rats were injected with distilled water in the bladder. In the treatment group, the rats had intravesical instillation of curcumin in the bladder (400 μmol/L, 2 mL) at 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 weeks, and sacrificed at the 19th week. Bladder tissue samples were taken for pathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. TUNEL staining assay was used to detect the apoptosis in tumor tissue. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected by Western blot.Results The incidence of bladder cancer was 90% (9/10) in the model group, 12.5% (5/40) in the intervention group and 92.5% (37/40) in the treatment group at the 10th week, showing a significant difference between the intervention group and model group (P<0.05), indicating an obvious interventional effect of curcumin on the bladder cancer. The incidence rate of bladder cancer in the treatment group was 78.4% (30/37) at the 19th week, and compared with the 10th week before treatment, showing that curcumin can delay the recurrence of bladder cancer. TUNEL staining assay confirmed that curcumin significantly promoted the apoptosis in bladder cancer cells and inhibited their proliferation. The Western blot analysis showed that curcumin inhibited the activation of NF-κB and effectively down-regulated the expression of NF-κB-regulated gene product.Conclusions Curcumin has a significant interventional effect on MNU-induced bladder cancer in the rat models. The mechanism may be through inhibition of NF-κB activation and effective down-regulated NF-κB regulation of the gene products, and to regulate the expression of related proteins in bladder cancer, i.e., inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and further play a role of anti-cancer intervention and prevention of bladder cancer recurrence.

Abstract:The incidence of hyperuricemia increases year by year. Hyperuricemia is associated with gout, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, etc. The metabolic pathway of uric acid is similar in human and avian species. Experimental or spontaneous hyperuricemia is commonly happened in avian. So that avian species have been used in biological or medicinal research increasingly. In this article, we reviewed the literature of avian hyperuricemia and experimental studies over the last 30 years, and to elucidate the characteristics and mechanisms of avian hyperuricemia models.

Abstract:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV)is a novel Bunyavirus which was first reported in China in 2009. Tick is its important reservoir host and vector. Both wild and domestic animals can be naturally infected. IFNAR^-/- immunodeficient mice are ideal experimental animal models. In this article, the research result of animal infection and animal models of SFTSV are summarized, which provide the basis for the control of SFTSV natural epidemic and for animal experiments.

Abstract:With the good progress of bone tissue engineering, various kinds of seed cells have emerged. Adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) have many advantages, and become one of the hot seed cells in bone tissue engineering. This review focused on their induction method, induction process and verification method, and the donor factors and experimental factors affecting the osteogenic differentiation were summarized. We also looked forward the future research interest of ASCs' osteogenic differentiation.