Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of rat senescent astrocytes on the proliferation of neural stem cells using an H2O2 -induced senescent astrocyte model. Methods Primary cortical astrocytes and telencephalic neural stem cells were isolated by trypsin digestion from newborn and fetal rats, respectively. Rat astrocytes were incubated for 4 h with H₂O₂ to establish the senescent model. The supernatants of senescent cells cultured for 3 and 7 days were collected as conditioned medium, then added at a ratio of 1 ∶3 or 1 ∶2 to observe its effect on neural stem cell counts and neurosphere counts (proliferation). Normal astrocyte conditioned medium was used as control medium. Results The 3 d normal conditioned medium had no effect on the short-term proliferation of neural stem cells, but inhibited their long-term proliferation. The 3 d senescent conditioned medium inhibited the proliferation of neural stem cells. The 7 d normal conditioned medium promoted the short-term proliferation of neural stem cells and inhibited their long-term proliferation. The 7 d senescent medium inhibited the proliferation of neural stem cells, and the inhibitory effect was greater than that of normal medium. Conclusions Rat senescent astrocytes induced by H₂O₂ inhibited the proliferation of neural stem cells, and the inhibition of long-term proliferation was greater than that of normal astrocytes.

Abstract:Objective To observe the expression of phospho-calcium kinase II ( p-CaMKII) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of diabetic rats with diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP). Methods 1) Twenty-one healthy male Sprague- Dawley rats were administered a large dose of streptozotocin ( STZ) to establish the DNP rat model. Changes in Paw Withdrawal Latency ( PWL) were observed before modeling ( Base), 7 days after modeling ( Day 7), 14 days after modeling (Day 14), 21 days after modeling (Day 21), and 28 days after modeling (Day 28). Rat L4-L6 DRG were used at each time point. p-CaMKII positive cells on L4-L6 DRG were detected by immunofluorescence assay. 2) Twenty rats were randomly divided into Control+normal saline (Control+NS), model+normal saline (DNP+NS), and model+CaMKII inhibitor KN93 groups (DNP +KN93). At 14 days after STZ injection, the DNP +KN93 group was administered KN93 solution, and the other two groups were injected with the same volume of NS. Results 1) Compared with the normal group, the Day 7 PWL of the DNP model group did not change significantly, and the Day 14, Day 21, and Day 28 PWL decreased significantly. Immunofluorescence result showed that compared with the control group, p-CaMKII positive cells on L4 DRG of DNP rats were significantly increased at 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after STZ injection. p-CaMKII positive cells on L5 and L6 DRG were also increased significantly, and the difference between control group was statistically significant. 2) Before KN93 intervention, there was no significant difference in PWL between the DNP+NS and DNP+KN93 groups. After 1 hour of intervention, the PWL was significantly increased in the DNP+KN93 group compared with the DNP+NS group. Conclusions The production and maintenance of diabetic neuropathic pain is related to the upregulation of p-CaMKII expression on DRG neurons. An injection of the CaMKII inhibitor KN93 in the hind paw of rats inhibited thermal hyperalgesia.

Abstract:Objective To dynamically observe the temporal differences of anxiety and depression-like behavior in rats with chronic inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund’ s adjuvant (CFA). Methods All rats were randomly divided into control and model groups. The model group rats was injected with CFA into the hind paws to establish the chronic inflammatory pain model. We dynamically observed the changes of paw withdrawal thresholds before modeling and at 1, 3, 7, 18, and 26 days after modeling. In addition, behavioral changes were observed in an open field test at 28 days, in an elevated zero maze test at 29 days, in a novelty-suppressed feeding test at 29 days, and in a marble-burying test at 12, 20, and 31 days, as well as through a sucrose preference test after modeling at 17, 25, and 35 days. Results Compared with the control group, the paw withdrawal threshold of the model group significantly decreased after 1 day (P< 0. 01) and was significantly lower than the control group throughout the experiment (P< 0. 01). Compared with the control group, the distance in the central area, time in the central area, and number of central zone entries of the model group were significantly reduced in the open field (P< 0. 01). Compared with the control group, the distance in open arm, time in open arm, and number of the open arm entries of the model group were significantly reduced in the elevated zero maze (P< 0. 05). The latency of food of the model group was significantly increased ( P< 0. 05), and there was no significant difference in food consumption in the novelty-suppressed feeding (P> 0. 05). In the marble-burying test, the number of buried marbles in the model group increased significantly compared with the control group ( P < 0. 05) 31 days after modeling. There was no significant difference between the control group and the model group at any time point in the sucrose preference test (P> 0. 05). Conclusions Chronic inflammatory pain induced by CFA can lead to a variety of changes in the anxiety-like behavior of animals after 4 weeks, while no changes in the depression-like behaviors of animal was seen before 5 weeks.

Abstract:Objective To compare the relative expression of the Mgst1 gene and the expression distribution of Mgst1 protein in mouse hatching blastocysts and dormant embryos before and after cryopreservation. The role of the Mgst1 gene during the programmed freezing of mouse embryos was analyzed to provide a new theoretical basis for the study of embryo-related antifreeze mechanisms. Methods Immunofluorescence images of the expression distribution of Mgst1 protein in embryos were detected by confocal microscopy. By qRT-PCR, the relative gene expression of Mgst1 was determined. Results Mgst1 protein was expressed in mouse normal hatched blastocysts and dormant embryos before and after cryopreservation. There was no significant difference in the relative expressions of Mgst1 gene between hatched blastocysts and dormant embryos before cryopreservation (P > 0. 05). Compared with the normal hatched blastocysts before and after cryopreservation, the relative gene expression of Mgst1 in normal hatched blastocysts was significantly upregulated after cryopreservation ( P < 0. 05), and its relative expression in dormant embryos was markedly upregulated after cryopreservation ( P < 0. 01). Compared with the normal hatched blastocysts after cryopreservation, the relative gene expression of Mgst1 in dormant embryos was significantly upregulated (P < 0. 05). Conclusions The Mgst1 gene may play an important role in the antifreeze mechanism of mouse embryos.

Abstract:Objective Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) is the main pathogenic pathogen of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), but its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. In this study, Genetic Diversity Mice were used to screen the pathogenic genes of CA16 and to explore the pathogenic mechanism. Methods Twenty-three strains of Genetic Diversity Mice were selected as the experimental group and C57BL/ 6 mice were used as the control group. Both groups were challenged with 10⁷ copies of CA16 by intraperitoneal injection. Blood and hind limb skeletal muscle were collected, and the viral load was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Then, the GeneMine systems genetics database was used to analyze data of infection and to screen CA16 pathogenicity-related genes. Results Seven mouse strains and 16 genes associated with CA16 were screened from the infection data of Genetic Diversity Mice. For all seven Genetic Diversity Mice strains, the viral loads in blood and muscles tissue were all >10⁴Copie / (μL/ mg) and skeletal muscle showed significant pathological damage. Based on The GeneMine database, the pathogenicity-related genes were mainly distributed in chromosomes 3 and 4. Conclusions Genetic Diversity Mice resources provide a new method for the study of CA16 pathogenicity-related genes.

Abstract:Objective To observe the effect of hydroxychloroquine on lymphocyte distribution in the peripheral immune organs ( spleen) of systemic lupus erythematosus mice (TC mice). Methods Thirty-week-old femaleTC mice were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group was treated with hydroxychloroquine [10 mg / (kg·d)] and the control group was treated with normal saline [10 mg / ( kg·d)] for 5 weeks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the titer of anti-dsDNA antibody in the peripheral blood of mice, Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to detect histopathological changes in kidneys, and flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of lymphocytes in the spleen of mice. Results The histopathological score of kidneys in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group ( P< 0. 05). The proportions of splenic B lymphocytes and germinal center B lymphocytes in the experimental group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P< 0. 05). The proportion of splenic regulatory Tlymphocyte (Treg) in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P< 0. 05). There were no significant difference in the levels of anti-dsDNA antibody and the T helper cell 17 ( Th17) lymphocyte proportions between groups (P > 0. 05 ). Conclusions Hydroxychloroquine has a regulatory effect on the immune response of lymphocytes in peripheral immune organs of lupus mice and alleviated the pathological damage in kidney tissues of TCmice.

Abstract:Objective To screen and validate the conditions for transforming Tribbles Pseudokinase 3 (TRIB3) overexpression plasmids and siRNA into RAW264. 7 cells by electroporation, to establish the best electroporation scheme for RAW264. 7 cells. Methods By changing the conditions of pulse voltage, pulse duration and plasmid concentration,TRIB3 overexpression plasmid and TRIB3 siRNA were transformed into RAW264. 7 cells. Cell morphology was observed by phase contrast microscopy. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8, and TRIB3 protein expression was detected by Western blot. Results (1) When transformed with different pulse voltages, there was no difference in cell morphology and survival rate between 110 and 120 mV groups and the control group. The cell survival rate in the 130 and 140 mV groups were significantly lower than in the control group (P< 0. 01). TRIB3 protein expressions in the 120, 130 and 140 mV groups were significantly increased than that in the control group (P < 0. 05). ( 2) When transformed with different pulse durations, there was no difference in cell morphology and survival rate between the 10 and 20 ms groups and the control group. The cell survival rate in the 30 ms group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P< 0. 01). The expressions of TRIB3 in the 20 and 30 ms groups were significantly increased than that in the control group (P< 0. 01). (3) When transformed with different plasmid concentrations, the cell morphology and survival rate of the 2 and 4 μg groups were not different from the control group. The cell survival rate of the 6 μg group was lower than that in the control group (P< 0. 05), and the expression of TRIB3 in the 4 μg group was significantly increased than that in the control group (P< 0. 01). (4) When transformed with TRIB3 siRNA at different concentrations, the expression of TRIB3 in the 10 nmol / L group was only 0. 19 times that in the control group ( P < 0. 01). Conclusions In RAW264. 7 cells, the TRIB3 overexpression plasmid ( 4 μg / sample) and TRIB3 siRNA ( 10 nmol / L) were transfected by electroporation under the conditions of 120 mV and 20 ms, which ensured a high cell survival rate and significantly changed the protein expression level of the target gene.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the genetic and immunologic mechanisms of resistance to foot-and-mouth disease virus ( FMDV) in guinea pigs and to assess the possibility of using pseudo-FMDV in the pathogenetic study of FMVD. Methods FMDV-VP1 peptide was expressed in primary renal cells derived from two different strains of guinea pigs using lentivirus. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLC, without antigen processing) derived from two different strains of guinea pigs were isolated and cultured with lentivirus infected primary renal cells. PBLC cytotoxicity was determined using the lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) assay, and supernatant cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, the proportions of CD3⁺ / CD4⁺ and CD3⁺ / CD8⁺ cells were measured via flow cytometry. Results The cytotoxicity of PBLCs in experimental groups was significantly higher than in corresponding control groups (P < 0. 01). The cytotoxicity of PBLCs to target cells was significantly higher in the FMDV-resistant strain than in the FMDV-sensitive strain (P < 0. 01). Levels of PF, GRA, GRB, and Fas in serum derived from the FMDV-resistant strain were higher than in serum derived from the FMDV-sensitive strain (P < 0. 01). However, the expression of FasL showed no significant difference (P > 0. 05). Similarly, levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-12 were also higher (P < 0. 05). However, the expression of cell-surface MHC class I and II showed no significant difference (P > 0. 05). The FMDV-VP1 peptide was expressed on the surfaces of primary renal cells derived from guinea pigs when cells were infected by lentiviral-vector containing the DNA sequence of the FMDV-VP1 fragment. The quantity of CD4⁺ cells in PBLCs derived from the FMDV-resistant strain was significantly lower than in PBLCs derived from the FMDV-sensitive strain (P < 0. 05). The opposite trend was seen for the quantity of CD8+ cells ( P < 0. 05). Conclusions FMDV-VP1 peptides stimulate immunoreactions of effector cells and enhance the cytotoxicity of effector cells to target cells. PBLCs derived from the FMDV-resistant strain exerted strong cytotoxicity to FMDV infected cells. Cytokines secreted by effector cells participate in the cytotoxicity reaction. Primary renal cells derived from guinea pigs infected by lentiviral-vector containing the DNA sequence of the FMDV-VP1 fragment can be used to simulate FMDV infected cells, which could help to reduce risks associated with FMDV research. Finally, the genetic characteristics of different strains of guinea pigs determine their sensitivities to FMDV.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to establish a basis for the identification of porcine immunoglobulin genes in order to facilitate research on swine disease resistance. Further improvements of immunoglobulin gene annotation will facilitate the development of the pig industry and will promote the wider application of pigs as a major biomedical model. Methods Porcine immunoglobulin genes were predicted and classified by comparison with human immunoglobulin genes using R, DNAstar, WebLogo, and Blast+. Results A total of 43 IGH, 27 IGK, and 25 IGL genes were identified in pigs, which could be divided into 7, 6, and 9 gene families, respectively. Conclusions We found 43 immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in pig. Some of them may be pseudogene. Meanwhile, the ratio of light chain genes (IGK ∶ IGL) is approximately 1 ∶ 1. It may be related to the immunological characteristics of pig, which need related experimental data to do its research.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the anti-tumor effects and mechanism of Pleurotus geesteranus powder (PGP) on H22 tumor-bearing mice. Methods The mouse tumor-bearing model was established by subcutaneous injection of ascites of H22 hepatocellular carcinoma into mice via the axilla. Sixty male ICR mice were randomly divided into one blank control (C) and five H22 tumor-bearing groups including tumor model control, positive control (cyclophosphamide, CTX) and three PGP groups. The mice in the model control group received 0. 9% saline solution by oral gavage, the mice in the positive control group were intra-abdominally injected with CTX saline solution (20 mg / kg body weight every other day), and mice in the PGP-treated groups were administered PGP (dispersed in 0. 9% saline solution) at low (750 mg / kg body weight, PGP-L), mid (1500 mg / kg body weight, PGP-M) and high (3000 mg / kg body weight, PGP-H) doses per day. The administration cycle was 10 d. When the trial was finished, the mean tumor weight, tumor inhibition rate and immune organ index were calculated, and the levels of serum immunoglobulins and cytokines, and antioxidant parameters in the liver and kidney were determined. Microscopic morphology of tumor and spleen tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin ( HE) staining. Results ( 1) The mean tumor weight in the CTX and three PGP groups was significantly decreased compared with the model control (P< 0. 01). The tumor inhibition rate in the CTX and three PGP groups (low, mid, high) were 55. 18%, 29. 06%, 47. 47%, and 48. 80%, respectively. ( 2) Compared with the blank control, the spleen index (P < 0. 01), levels of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA, P< 0. 01) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α, P< 0. 05), and liver malondialdehyde (MDA, P< 0. 05) were increased in the model group, whereas serum interleukiN-2 (IL-2) content (P< 0. 01), activities of liver catalase (CAT, P< 0. 01), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, P< 0. 01), kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD, P< 0. 01), GSH-Px (P< 0. 05), and CAT (P< 0. 01) in the model group were significantly decreased. Furthermore, the serum IL-6 content in the model group tended to be increased (P > 0. 05). The thymus index in the CTX group was significantly higher than in the blank control (P< 0. 05). (3) Treatment with PGP reversed the above abnormal performance in the model control. Levels of IgA and TNF-α in the three PGP treated ( low, mid, high) groups (IgA: P < 0. 01, P < 0. 01, P < 0. 01; TNFα: P < 0. 05, P < 0. 01, P < 0. 05), IL-6 levels in the PGP-H group (P< 0. 05), and liver MDA content in the PGP-M group (P<0. 05) were lower than in the model control group. IL-2 levels in the PGP-L group (P<0. 05), activities of liver CAT (P< 0. 05, P< 0. 05, P< 0. 01), kidney CAT (P< 0. 01, P< 0. 01, P< 0. 01) and kidney SOD (P< 0. 01, P< 0. 01, P< 0. 01) in three PGP-treated ( low, mid, high) groups, liver GSH-Px in the PGP-M and PGP-H groups (P< 0. 05), and kidney GSH-Px in the PGP-L and PGP-M groups (P< 0. 01) were significantly higher than in the model control group. ( 4) Compared with the CTX group, the spleen index in the PGP-H group was increased, and IL-6 levels were decreased significantly ( P < 0. 05 ). ( 5 ) Furthermore, compared with the model control group, increased necrotic areas of tumors in the CTX group and all PGP groups were observed by HE staining. Conclusions PGP might have anti-tumor effects related to its immunoregulatory and antioxidant functions.

Abstract:Objective To observe changes of blood glucose in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to explore the feasibility of using 2-hour postprandial blood glucose as an evaluation point of blood glucose intervention. Methods T2DM mice induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin ( STZ) were the experimental group and normal C57BL/ 6 mice were used as the control group. Continuous fasting blood glucose and continuous random blood glucose were measured in the two groups, and the blood glucose levels in the mice were analyzed to evaluate the use of 2-hour postprandial blood glucose as an evaluation point of blood glucose intervention in T2DM mice. The stability of the 2-hour postprandial blood glucose evaluation point was verified by the long-term observation of 2-hour postprandial blood glucose fluctuation in diabetic mice. Results The continuous fasting blood glucose of T2DM mice was significantly reduced after fasting for more than 4 hours. In contrast, blood glucose changes in T2DM mice at 2- 3 hours after eating a meal were relatively stable, which might reflect the stability of the model over a long period. For 7 weeks, the 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level of T2DM mice showed it was stable at 2 hours after meals. Conclusions The 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level reflects the stable blood glucose change in T2DM mice, which might have value for the evaluation of blood glucose intervention experiments.

Abstract:Objective To establish rat models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with smoking, protease instillation and smoking + protease instillation, and to evaluate and compare inflammation, imaging and pathology between these groups. Methods Rat models of COPD were established with smoking, protease instillation and smoking + protease instillation. There were 60 rats in the smoking group, 30 rats in the protease group and 30 rats in the smoking + protease group. The control group contained 20 rats. Body weight was measured every week. In the smoking and control groups, five and two rats were euthanized, respectively at 24 h, and weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 during the modeling process, and in the protease and smoking + protease groups, five rats were euthanized in each group at 24 h, and weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12. Rat lung tissues subjected to cytokine detection, micro-CT examination and pathological examination. Results The weight gain of rats in the smoking and smoking + protease group was significantly slower than the control group at week 7 (P< 0. 05). The levels of IL-10 at 24 h, and weeks 1, 2 and 4 were significantly lower in the protease group and the smoking + protease group compared with the control group (P< 0. 05). The concentration of MMP-9 at 24 h was significantly higher in the protease group and the smoking + protease group than the control group (P< 0. 05). Emphysema was observed on the micro-CT images and pathological images in the protease group and smoking + protease group at week 4, and in the smoking group at week 8. Conclusions Rat models of COPD can be successfully established by smoking, protease instillation and smoking + protease instillation. Micro-CT reflects changes in lungs with high sensitivity and validity.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the connection between metabolic features and ultrastructure changes in hippocampus of APP / PS1 double transgenic mice, and to confirm whether this model is appropriate for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research. Methods A novel object recognition test was conducted to compare learning and memory in APP / PS1 mice with age- and background-matched wild type mice. Metabolic features such as N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-Inositol (mI), choline (Cho), and glutamate (Glu) levels in the hippocampus were assessed using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cellular ultrastructures were observed using a transmission electron microscope. Results Compared with wild type mice, APP / PS1 mice exhibited significantly decreased learning and memory ability ( P < 0. 05), a significantly reduced NAA to creatine ( Cr) ratio ( P < 0. 05), and increased mI/ Cr and Cho / Cr (P < 0. 05 ) ratios in the hippocampus. Compared with wild type mice, APP / PS1 mice had the following features: mitochondria in neurons and astrocytes were irregularly shaped and condensed, there were more secondary lysosomes, astrocytes were over-active, and there were phagocytosed dystrophic neurites. Conclusions Pathological changes in NAA, mI, and Cho in the hippocampus of APP / PS1 mice could reflect abnormal inflammation and aberrant neurites evoked by beta amyloid in AD. Thus, APP / PS1 transgenic mice may represent a beneficial model for AD research.

Abstract:Objective To establish an animal model of heart iron overload and investigate the relationship between iron deposition in the heart and liver. Methods Forty rabbits were randomly divided into the experimental group (n = 32) or control group ( n = 8). The experimental group was injected subcutaneously with 200 mg / kg of iron dextran every Monday. Two rabbits were randomly euthanized every Sunday. The heart and liver tissues were removed, rinsed with normal saline repeatedly, and placed in an oven at 65℃ to dry until the weight was unchanged. A flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure the iron concentration of hearts and livers ( CIC, LIC). Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Prussian blue staining were performed. Results With the increase of iron injection, pathological result showed that Prussian blue staining of iron particles increased in the experimental group, and that the CIC increased gradually (0. 20-2. 34 mg / g dry weight, median 1. 24 mg / g dry weight). CIC was moderately correlated with total injected iron (r = 0. 698, P < 0. 05,P< 0. 001), and CIC was moderately correlated with serum iron (r = 0. 415, P < 0. 05, P = 0. 022). CIC was highly correlated with LIC (r= 0. 712, P< 0. 05, P< 0. 001). Conclusions A rabbit model of cardiac iron overload was established by the subcutaneous injection of dextran iron at a dose of 200 mg / kg, and there was no correlation between heart and liver iron deposition.

Abstract:Objective To observe and compare the depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors in mice of different ages. Methods Twenty-seven male C57BL/ 6 mice were divided into three groups according to age: young group ( 3 months, n = 9), middle-aged group (10 months, n = 9) and old group (18 months, n = 9). The tail suspension test, forced swimming test, elevated plus maze test, open field test, and sugar preference test were used to detect depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors. Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect 5-hydroxytryptamine (5- HT) levels in the serum of mice. Results The immobility time of middle-aged mice was longer than that of old mice in tail suspension test( P < 0. 05); the immobility time of forced swimming decreased from young to middle-aged mice ( P < 0. 001) and from middle-aged to old mice (P< 0. 01). The sucrose preference of middle-aged mice was higher than that of old mice at 12 hours (P< 0. 05); the sugar preference rate of young mice was higher than that of old mice at 12, 36, 48, and 60 hours (P< 0. 05). The time spent in the open arms by old mice was longer than that of middle-aged and young mice (P< 0. 05) and the probe number of young mice was greater than that of middle-aged mice (P< 0. 01). The total distance travelled in the open field by young mice was longer than that of old mice (P< 0. 05). The concentration of 5-HT in the serum of old, middle-aged, and young mice showed a decreasing trend. The concentration of serum 5-HT in young mice was significantly lower than that in middle-aged (P< 0. 05) and old mice (P< 0. 01). Conclusions The younger the mice, the more likely they were to exhibit depression- and anxiety-like behaviors under the same stress stimulations, and to have a lower level of 5-HT in their serum.

Abstract:Post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD) is a condition with high morbidity that develops after major traumatic events. PTSD has a major impact on socio-economic status. The pathogenesis of PTSD and the study of its prevention and treatment have attracted increasing attention. The establishment of animal models plays a crucial role in understanding the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment of PTSD. PTSD researchers have successively proposed various animal models and have conducted research at macroscopic and microscopic levels. This review will shed light on the establishment of various animal models and summarize the current status of domestic and foreign research areas. Future research is required to develop effective PTSD animal models that are consistent with the clinical symptoms of human PTSD. In addition, genetic- and epigenetics-related research, exploration regarding the details of traumatic events, and the impact of a wider range of adverse stress interactions on the body may be helpful in uncovering new information regarding PTSD pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.

Abstract:Perimenopausal syndrome (PMS) is a series of symptoms caused by the decrease of steroid hormone levels, such as estrogen and progesterone, which seriously affect the physical and mental health and quality of life of women. To explore the etiology of the disease, it is important to select the right animal model. The ovariectomy animal model is often used in the study of PMS symptoms, such as osteoporosis, memory and cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and obesity. In this paper, research progress of the ovariectomy animal model applied to PMS is reviewed by searching the relevant literature of the ovariectomy animal model in PubMed and CNKI database for PMS.

Abstract:Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, and the morbidity and mortality rate is increasing year by year with patients tending to be younger. The colorectal cancer mouse model increases our understanding of human colorectal cancer characteristics and cancer prevention and treatment. Murine models of colorectal cancer can be divided into spontaneous, induced, transplanted tumor, and transgenic models. However, none recapitulate all the characteristics of human colorectal cancer. The use of a specific mouse colorectal cancer model to address specific colorectal cancer research issues is critical. This paper has examined research literature both domestic and foreign to provide a review of the research progress of different mouse models of colorectal carcinoma over the past 20 years. The aim is to establish a suitable mouse model for the study of colorectal cancer.

Abstract:Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins ( hnRNPs) are RNA-binding proteins involved in many important life processes. Previous studies have found that hnRNPs have many biological functions in the regulation of chromatin remodeling, transcription, RNA transport, RNA splicing, RNA editing, and translation. Recently, increasing studies have found that hnRNPs have an important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of various tumors. This article reviews the role of hnRNPs in inflammatory responses, tumor immunity and tumor microenvironment, to provide a basis for follow-up studies on the regulatory network and functional analysis of hnRNPs.

Abstract:Chinese medicine has significant advantages in the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) induced by oxaliplatin. However, its application method and specific mechanisms need to be studied further. Therefore, a more precise understanding of the development of clinical diseases is required. Animal models are used as research vectors. This article provides an in-depth discussion on the establishment of acute and chronic models of CIPN induced by oxaliplatin in recent years, and their evaluation for the application of traditional Chinese medicine to provide reference for future research.

Abstract:Drosophila melanogaster has been widely used in biology, medicine, and other fields as an ideal model organism. In the era of the international integration network, a large amount of experimental data and information is emerging. At present, some well-known fly websites and stock resource centers provide information on the Internet, which make the accessibility of scientific research information and fly stock resources more convenient. In this paper, we review the commonly used Drosophila websites and provide reference information for the Drosophila researchers in China.