Abstract: Objective 　A mouse model of ulcerative colitis with spleen deficiency and dampness syndrome was established, and the function of T lymphocytes in this model was studied. Methods 　C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into Control, FXY (folium sennae), 3%DSS (dextran sulfate sodium salt, DSS), FXY + 3%DSS, and FXY + 2%DSS groups. A mouse model of ulcerative colitis with spleen deficiency and dampness syndrome was established by DSS and senna leaf. At the end of modeling, HE (hematoxylin-eosin) staining was performed to observe structural changes in colon tissues. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was performed to measure the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. Flow cytometry was used to analyze CD4/ CD8 T lymphocytes, Th1/ Th2 cells, and Th17/ Treg cells. Results 　In the FXY group, the clinical symptoms of mice with spleen deficiency and dampness were mainly diarrhea, and mice treated with 3%DSS colitis mostly showed blood in stool, whereas mice with spleen deficiency and dampness colitis in FXY + 3%DSS and FXY + 2%DSS groups mostly showed diarrhea and blood in stool, but the survival rate of mice in the FXY + 3%DSS group was as low as 50%. Compared with the Control group, body weight, colon length, and concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 were significantly lower in 3%DSS group, FXY + 3% DSS group, and FXY + 2%DSS group, while the DAI (disease activity index) concentration, colon weight, colon weight index, colon weight/ colon length, and proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly increased, and significant ulcer formation and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed by light microscopy. Compared with the Control group, the percentages of CD4, Th1, and Th17 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes of FXY + 3%DSS group and FXY + 2%DSS group were significantly increased, while CD8, Th2, and Treg cells were significantly decreased. Conclusions The combination of senna and 2%DSS successfully establishes a model with ulcerative colitis with spleen deficiency and dampness evidence in mice, showing typical CD4/ CD8, Th1/ Th2, and Th17/ Treg cell imbalances.

Abstract: Objective 　To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of helleborus thibetanus franch on collageninduced arthritis (CIA) model rats and its effect on the OPG/ RANK/ RANKL signaling pathway. Methods 　Sixty female Wistar rats were divided into normal group, model group, positive drug methotrexate (MTX) group, low dose group, medium dose group, and high dose group. The CIA model was established by injecting bovine type Ⅱ collagen into the tail root of rats using the collagen antibody induction method, and drugs were administered by gavage after the model was successfully established. In the normal group, 10 mL/ (kg·d) saline was administered. In the model group, 10 mL/ (kg·d) saline was administered. In the positive drug group, 2 mg/ (kg·d) MTX was administered three times a week. In low, medium, and high dose group, 0. 25, 0. 5, and 1. 0 g/ (kg·d) were administered, respectively. Continuous gavage treatment was applied for 25 days. Body mass of rats was recorded to observe the degree of foot swelling. The ankle arthritis index score was calculated. Micro-CT was used to observe histopathological changes in the ankle joint bone. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe pathological changes in ankle joint bone tissue and synovial membrane. Changes in the number of osteoclasts were determined by tartaric acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. PCR was used to measure mRNA levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG), nuclear factor-κB receptor activator (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). Relative protein expression of OPG, RANK, RANKL, TNF-α, and BMP-2 was measured by Western Blot. helleborus thibetanus franch on rats with rheumatoid arthritis and its potential pharmacological mechanism for osteoarthritic protection. Results 　Compared with the normal group, CIA rats had a lower body mass (P< 0. 05), increased thickness of the plantar foot (P< 0. 05), narrowing of the joint cavity in the ankle joint, gnawing-like bone destruction, and pathological changes in the synovium, such as inflammatory cell proliferation and abnormal synovial hyperplasia infiltration. Micro-CT showed that, compared with the normal group, model, low and medium-dose groups showed an uneven ankle joint surface with an incomplete shape and gnawing-like bone destruction, and the high-dose group showed no significant changes in all indexes. HE staining revealed that the ankle joint of the model group showed joint cavity narrowing, gnawing-like bone destruction, synovial tissue proliferation, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Pathological changes, such as destruction of bone tissue, synovial tissue hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltration, were found in the ankle joint of rats in the model group. Compared with the model group, bone tissue hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration in the ankle joint of rats in low, medium, and high dose groups were significantly improved. TRAP staining showed that the model group had the largest number of osteoclasts, and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts was reduced in low, medium, and high dose groups compared with the normal group. qRT-PCR showed that, compared with the model group, relative mRNA expression of OPG and BMP-2 was increased in low, medium, and high dose groups (P< 0. 05), and relative mRNA expression of RANK, RANKL, and TNF-α was decreased in low, medium, and high dose groups (P< 0. 05). Western Blot showed that, compared with the model group, relative protein expression of OPG and BMP-2 was increased in low, medium, and high dose groups (P< 0. 05), and relative protein expression of RANK, RANKL, and TNF-α was decreased ( P< 0. 05). Conclusions Helleborus thibetanus franch may alleviate the inflammatory response in RA rats through an anti-rheumatoid arthritis mechanism involving the OPG/ RANK/ RANKL signaling pathway.

Abstract: Objective 　To investigate the effect of TMAO, a metabolite of intestinal flora, on hepatic lipid metabolism in rats with splenic deficiency and hyperlipidemia, and to further explore the possible mechanism of Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction in the treatment of hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. Methods 　SD rats were divided a blank control group (C group), blank control + TMAO inhibitor DMB group (C + D group), spleen deficiency hyperlipidemia group (PG group), spleen deficiency hyperlipidemia + DMB group (PG + D group), and spleen deficiency hyperlipidemia + Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction group (PG + XS group). Except C group and C + D group, the other groups were used to establish a spleen deficiency hyperlipidemia model (12 weeks of modeling) by combining excessive fatigue and a high fat diet. After model establishment, C + D group and PG + D group were administered 1%DMB in drinking water every day, and the PG + XS group was administered Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction (11. 34 g crude drug/ kg) every day. The other groups were administered the same amount of normal saline. Blood lipid levels were measured by an automatic biochemical method after 4 weeks of intragastric administration. Morphological changes of the liver were observed by HE staining. Lipid deposition in the liver was observed by oil red O staining. Liver FFA, TG, and TC were measured by ELISA. Plasma TMAO content was measured by LC-MS. Relative mRNA expression levels of PERK, FOXO1, SREBP-2, ABCA1, and miR-33 in the liver were measured by qRT-PCR. SREBP-2 and ABCA1 contents in the liver were measured by Western Blot. Results 　Serum contents of TC, TG, and LDL-C in the PG group were significantly higher than those in the C group, and HDL-C was content was significantly lower than that in the C group. FFA, TG, and TC contents in liver tissue of PG rats were significantly increased compared with those the C group. Compared with the C group, lipid deposition in the liver was aggravated and vacuoles were increased significantly. There was no difference in the above indexes between group C + D group and C group. Compared with the PG group, PG + D group and PG + XS group had significantly reduced serum contents of TC, TG, and LDL-C, increased HDL-C content, reduced FFA, TG, and TC contents in liver tissue, alleviated lipid deposition in liver tissue, and reduced liver vacuoles. No significant difference was observed between PG + D group and PG + XS group. Compared with the C group, the plasma TMAO content of the PG group was significantly increased, mRNA expression PERK, FOXO1, and miR-33a in the liver was significantly increased, and liver SREBP-2 and ABCA1 mRNA and protein expression was significantly decreased. No difference in the above indexes was observed between C + D and C groups. Compared with the PG group, PG + D group and PG + XS group had significantly reduced plasma TMAO content, decreased mRNA expression of PERK, FOXO1, and miR-33a in the liver, and increased SREBP-2 and ABCA1 mRNA and protein expression in the liver. No significant difference was observed between PG + D group and PG + XS group. Conclusions 　TMAO may regulate the SREBP-2/ miR-33a/ ABCA1 signaling pathway through the PERK/ FOXO1 axis to cause liver lipid metabolism disorder in rats, and Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction may inhibit liver lipid metabolism disorder by reducing TMAO content.

Abstract: Objective 　To establish and evaluate a model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) combined with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rats. Methods 　Forty SPF grade SD rats were randomly divided into Control group, COPD group, CKD group, and COPD combined with CKD model (COPD + CKD) group, with 10 rats in each group. The COPD rat model was prepared by cigarette smoke exposure combined with the bacterial drip method, the CKD rat model was established by adenine induction, and the COPD combined with CKD rat model was prepared by both method. Results 　After successful modeling, lung function indexes incluidng forced vital capacity ( FVC), forced expiratory volume in 0. 1 s (FEV_{0. 1} ), and FEV_{0. 1} / FVC were significantly reduced in the COPD + CKD group (P< 0. 01), and lung histopathology showed emphysematous changes with alveolar wall fracture and fusion as well as inflammatory cell infiltration. Serum Cr, BUN, and 24 h urine protein were significantly increased (P< 0. 01). Renal histopathology showed glomerular mesentery proliferation, basement membrane thickening, tubular dilatation, and interstitial fibrosis. The ultrastructure showed that glomerular capillary loops were partially closed, foot processes were fused, renal tubule mitochondria were fused and disintegrated, and lysosome was increased. Serum IL-6, IL-13, IL-1β, and TGF-β1 levels were significantly increased (P< 0. 01) and were significantly higher than those in single model groups (P< 0. 01). Conclusions 　Cigarette smoke exposure combined with bacterial infection and 2. 5% adenine induction successfully establishes a model of COPD complicated with CKD in rats, and the inflammatory response might play a major role in the process of COPD complicated with CKD.

Abstract: Objective 　To study the effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction(HLJD) on the physiological function of healthy SD rats through serum non-targeted metabolomics. Methods 　After 7 days of adaptive feeding, 24 rats were randomly divided into blank group (group N) and high-dose HLJD group (group H), medium-dose HLJD group (group M), and low-dose HLJD group (group L) with six rats per group. Group N was gavaged with physiological saline, group H, group M, and group L were gavaged with 6. 250 g/ kg, 3. 125 g/ kg, and 1. 560 g/ kg HLJD, respectively. Rats were gavaged with 1 mL twice per day for 21 d. Before collecting serum samples, fasting and water deprivation were performed for 12 h. After anesthesia, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta, and serum was separated. Changes in metabolic products in the serum were detected by Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry(GC-TOF-MS). Multivariate analysis by Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis(OPLS-DA) and univariate statistical method were used to screen differential metabolites, and then metabolic pathway analysis was conducted using the Metabo Analyst platform. Results 　Compared with the group N, metabolic small molecules were significantly altered in the serum of group H, group M, and group L, which mainly included cholesterol, cholic acid, ribose, paclitaxel, cortisol, oleic acid, succinic acid, linolenic acid, acetic acid, and acetone alcohol (P< 0. 05). Correlation analysis showed that HLJD significantly affected the metabolism of primary bile acids, alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamate in α-linolenic acid and glycerol phospholipid metabolism, and its in vivo effects may be related to the intake dose, providing a reference to further reveal the mechanism of HLJD in promoting bile acid metabolism. Conclusions 　HLJD promotes the production of primary bile acids in vivo and enhances the effects of the bile acid metabolic pathway.

Abstract: Objective 　Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an immune-mediated chronic disease involving axial joints, peripheral joints, and intestines, but the etiology of peripheral knees and intestines is unknown. This study examined the main pathological changes and mechanisms of knee joints and intestines in cynomolgus monkeys with AS. Methods 　The main characteristics of peripheral knee joint and intestinal tissues of AS were examined and the possible pathogenesis was preliminarily analyzed by histomorphology and immunohistochemistry. Results 　The pathological characteristics of peripheral knee joints in AS cynomolgus monkeys were mainly cartilage erosion on the joint surface, exposed subchondral bone, and a jagged joint surface in the early stage. In the late stage, the knee joints mainly manifested as ectopic hyperplasia of cartilage superficial hypertrophy of chondrocytes, osteophytes formed through chondrogenesis and fibrogenesis, and loss of cartilage. MMP-3 expression in cartilage and blood vessels was upregulated, causing cartilage destruction and stimulating angiogenesis. AS cynomolgus monkeys had severe atrophy of small intestinal villi and obvious crypt hyperplasia, and a large number of γδT cells was seen in the mucosal intestinal glands of the jejunum and ileum. Conclusions 　Pathological analysis of knee joints and intestines in AS cynomolgus monkeys revealed their main characteristics in this spontaneous model and suggested the possible pathogenesis. This study provides new insights into the potential link between autoimmunity in bone tissue and intestinal tissue lesions in AS.

Abstract:Objective 　To investigate the repairing effect and mechanism of collagen peptide (CP) combined with sodium alginate (SA) on endometrial injury. Methods 　Forty-eight SPF female C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into sham, model, and CP + SA groups, with 16 mice in each group. In the model group, the intrauterine adhesion model was established by injecting 95% ethanol into the uterine cavity through the cervix to induce endometrial injury. In the sham operation group, 0. 9% normal saline was injected into the uterine cavity. The treatment group was injected with a mixture of CP and SA after injection of 95% ethanol into the uterine cavity. At 7 days after modeling, eight mice in each group were selected to provide samples. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in mouse uterine tissue. Modified Masson tricolor staining was used to observe endometrial fibrosis. Western Blot was used to measure protein expression levels of proinflammatory factors NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in uterine tissues. ELISA were used to measure IL-1β and IL-18 in serum. The remaining eight mice in each group were cohoused in accordance with a male ∶female ratio of 1∶2, and the number of pregnant mice in each group was recorded. Pregnant mice were euthanized on day 14 of pregnancy, and the number of embryos was recorded. Results 　(1) Compared with the sham operation group, the model group had a thinner endometrial thickness and increased endometrial fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Additionally, the protein expression levels of proinflammatory factors NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in uterine tissue and the serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the model group were significantly lower than those in the sham operation group (P< 0. 05). (2) Compared with the model group, the treatment group showed reductions in the degree of endometrial injury, endometrial fibrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Additionally, the protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in uterine tissue and the serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the model group were significantly lower than those in the sham operation group (P< 0. 05). (3) Compared with the sham group, the reproductive ability of the model group was decreased (P< 0. 01). Compared with the model group, the reproductive ability of the treatment group was significantly improved (P< 0. 01). Conclusions 　Combined application of CP and SA effectively improved pathological changes of uterine tissue, reduced endometrial injury, inflammatory responses and fibrosis, and improved the reproductive ability of mice. The mechanism may be related to downregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome expression, which provides a reliable experimental basis for combined application of CP and SA for treatment of intrauterine adhesion.

Abstract: Objective 　To create a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) method for the quantitative analysis of Flavokawain B in plasma, and to investigate its pharmacokinetic characteristics in mice. Methods 　Flavokawain B was administered to KM mice via intravenous injection (20 mg/ kg), intraperitoneal injection (20, 40, and 60 mg/ kg), and intragastric(200, 400, and 600 mg/ kg) routes. Blood was drawn from the venous plexus of the eye fundus at 0, 5, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h and then the plasma was separated. Flavokawain B levels in the plasma samples were analyzed by HPLC-MS/ MS, and its pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability following the different routes of administration were calculated. Results 　Flavokawain B showed a good linear relationship in plasma (r = 0. 9995), with a low limit of quantification of 0. 2 ng/ mL, accuracy -8. 50% ~ 12. 50%, precision 1. 73% ~ 12. 03%, and no obvious matrix effect (88. 68% ~ 102. 04%). HPLC-MS/ MS was verified as a suitable method for the quantitative evaluation of Flavokawain B in mice plasma. Flavokawain B showed rapid absorption in vivo, with a peak of plasma concentrations at 0. 083 h after intraperitoneal or intragastric administration. Flavokawain B showed good linear pharmacokinetics following intraperitoneal injection of 20 ~ 60 mg/ kg and intragastric administration of 200 ~ 600 mg/ kg. The absolute bioavailability of Flavokawain B was 53. 29% following intraperitoneal injection and 1. 38% following intragastric administration. Conclusions 　The current quantitative HPLC-MS/ MS technique provides a straightforward, precise, and sensitive method for investigating the pharmacokinetics of Flavokawain B in mice.

Abstract: Objective 　To compare changes in intestinal flora and the characteristics of short-chain fatty acid metabolism in hyperlipidemic rats induced by two different high fat diets, and to explore the possible mechanism of hyperlipidemia from the viewpoint of host-intestinal flora metabolism. Methods 　SPF SD rats were divided into a normal diet group (CG) and two high fat diet groups (HFD1 and HFD2). Rats were fed an 80 g high fat diet and unlimited maintenance diet. After 8 weeks, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured. Pathological changes in liver tissue and perirenal fat were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Colon contents were collected for 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing to assess changes in the structure and function of intestinal flora and the intestinal contents of short-chain fatty acids. Results 　Compared with the CG group, food intake was decreased and body weight was increased, serum TC, TG, and LDL-C were increased significantly, liver tissue showed obvious steatosis and perirenal fat showed inflammatory lesions in HFD1 and HFD2 groups. After high fat intervention, the relative abundance of intestinal microflora in rats was changed significantly and sex differences were observed, in which the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was decreased significantly, and the structure and function of Lactobacillus were decreased significantly, including total shortchain fatty acids, acetic acid, butyric acid, and isobutyric acid. Conclusions 　The two kinds of high-fat diet caused hyperlipidemia in rats. The pathogenesis was essentially the same and related to lipid metabolism and intestinal flora disorder. Daily restriction of a certain amount of high fat diet reduced the effect of high fat on appetite and improved stability of rat hyperlipidemia model establishment.

Abstract: Objective 　To study the characteristics and application status of animal models of ovarian cancer and provide guidance for standardized preparation of ovarian cancer models. Methods 　Using “ovarian cancer” and “animal model” as the main topics in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and PubMed databases, the databases were searched for animal experimentation literature on ovarian cancer from establishment of the database to March 1, 2023. A total of 1428 relevant articles were collected. From the experimental animal species, age, experimental modeling method, detection indicators, and other aspects of the summary, we established a database for systematic analysis. Results 　A total of 178 studies were obtained after screening. Female BALB/ c mice were selected to establish the animal model of ovarian cancer. Most choices were 4 ~ 6 and 6 ~ 8 weeks of age. The most common modeling method was ectopic transplantation, which was mostly subcutaneous injection in the axilla. In terms of modeling method of ovarian cancer in animals, transplantable models were the most used, and ectopic transplantation was more often employed than orthotopic transplantation. Ovarian cancer cell lines used were mostly human. Most detection indexes were the appearance of tumor tissue, tumor pathology, and immunohistochemistry. Conclusions 　Animal models of ovarian cancer are widely used in ovarian cancer research, but standard preparation and evaluations are lacking. We analyzed the application status of animal models of ovarian cancer in detail through literature collation and data classification analysis to provide a reference to establish standardized animal models of ovarian cancer. BALB/ c mice are the most selected, and human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 at 1 × 10⁷ cells/ mL is commonly injected into the subcutaneous axillary area for 10 days. A large number of models can be obtained in a short time with a high tumor formation rate and small individual differences, which provide a reference to study ovarian cancer.

Abstract:Atherosclerosis (AS) is a potential risk factor for common cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Prevention and treatment of AS and research and development of anti-AS drugs have been a focus in the field of medicine. Selection of the ideal AS animal model is important to study prevention and control measures of AS and to research and develop traditional Chinese medicine for AS. The ideal animal model of AS should have similar pathogenesis to human AS, consistent pathological and biochemical reactions, high repeatability, simple operation, and easy adoption. Mice have the characteristics of strong reproduction, high heritability, good plasticity, and fast modeling of AS, and they have become ideal animals for AS research. In this article, the replication method of the mouse AS model established by various intervention factors were compared and analyzed to provide a reference and ideas for prevention and treatment of AS and research and development of traditional Chinese medicine for AS.

Abstract:Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a non-organic disease that is mainly due to regional dysfunction of the stomach and duodenum. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it is classified as epigastric fullness and epigastric pain, and divided into the syndrome types of spleen deficiency and qi stagnation, spleen-stomach deficiency-cold (weak), spleen-stomach damp-heat, liver-stomach disharmony, and cold-heat complicated. TCM has a significant effect and high acceptance for treatment of FD, and the animal model with the combination of disease and syndrome is the basis and prerequisite for relevant research. Therefore, we organized and summarized the existing research on animal models of FD combined with disease and syndrome and explored the reasons for selection of specific modeling method and evaluation indicators. We identified the shortcomings of the current research to provide support for future research on animal models of FD combined with disease and syndrome.

Abstract:Gastric ulcer is a common digestive system disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a significant effect in treatment of this disease. However, its treatment mechanism is unclear. Establishing a scientific and Objective animal model and model evaluation system is of great significance to promote development of TCM in this field. This article organizes the literature related to treatment of gastric ulcer by TCM in the past 10 years and summarizes method for establishing and evaluating animal models of TCM syndromes relating to gastric ulcer. The method were reviewed for liver and stomach disharmony syndrome, spleen and stomach dampness-heat syndrome, blood stasis in stomach syndrome, deficiency cold of spleen and stomach syndrome, stomach Yin deficiency syndrome, and liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome. The current animal models of gastric ulcer had the following problems: the typing of TCM syndromes was not unified, the method and syndrome types of the models were limited, the standards of model establishment method were different, the combination of disease and syndrome of models was not close enough, and the model evaluation system was not standardized. Suggestions for model improvement are proposed to provide a reference for research in this field.

Abstract:With the process of the aging society, the incidence rate of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing year by year. Zebrafish as a model organism has been widely used in various research fields of medicine and life science due to its many advantages that other model organisms do not have. This article reviews the application and progress of zebrafish in the research of several common neurodegenerative diseases in recent years, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and other diseases related to the nervous system.

Abstract:Bronchoalveolar lavage is an important technique to study respiratory diseases and has been widely used in disease research. Currently, the procedure of bronchoalveolar lavage in patients has been gradually standardized. However, in mice, as an important model animal for studying lung diseases, standard collection and testing procedures for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are needed. An unstandardized procedure can hinder the promotion and application of this technique in research and affects the accuracy and reliability of experimental result. This review presents a systematic summary of domestic and international studies of bronchoalveolar lavage method for mice to provide a reference and guidance for researchers applying and establishing a standardized lavage procedure.

Abstract:The main challenge of therapeutic peptides and proteins is their short plasma half-life due to rapid protease degradation. Drugs combining such peptides and proteins with albumin are defined as albumin-related drugs. Such a combination effectively prolongs their plasma half-life. Animal models are an important and indispensable tool to study drug pharmacokinetics. This review summarizes the two main animal models, rodents (wildtype mice, gene-modified mouse models, and rat models) and non-human primates (monkeys), and their development and application in albumin-related drugs. This review provides a reference for further studies on albumin-related drugs.