Abstract: Objective To investigate the preparation and evaluation of animal models of depression associated with autoimmune thyroiditis, and to verify the NLRP3 / Caspase-1/ GSDMD pathway based on this condition. Methods 32 NOD. H-2sup>H4 mice were randomly divided into a normal (N) group, depression (DP) group, autoimmune thyroiditis with depression (AIT + DP) group, autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) group, with 8 animals in each group. The N group was fed normally, the DP group was subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 5 weeks, the AIT group was given0. 05% sodium iodide water to establish an autoimmune thyroiditis model, and the AIT + DP group was subjected to 5 weeks of CUMS to establish the AIT animal model. We evaluated whether the mouse autoimmune thyroiditis model had been successfully prepared by observing the thyroid tissue structure, lymphocyte infiltration, and serum TGAb and TPOAb levels. Changes in body weight, sugar water preference rate, open field behavior (central quadrant time, central quadrant time proportion, standing rate, frequency of defecation, and hair grooming time), and hippocampal pathological changes were used to evaluate the depression status of the mice. When the model mice met the above-mentioned indicators related to depression and autoimmune thyroiditis, the AIT + DP animal model was considered successfully prepared. Results Compared with the levels in the N group, the AIT group’ s and AIT + DP group’ s serum TGAb and TPOAb levels were significantly increased (P<0. 01), and a large number of inflammatory cells had infiltrated the thyroid gland. The central quadrant time and central quadrant time proportion, standing rate, frequency of defecation, and hair grooming time were reduced to varying degrees in the DP group and AIT + DP group. In addition, the numbers of glial cells in the cerebral cortex increased and neuronal cells decreased, accompanied by some nuclear atrophy, and the expression levels of NLRP3,IL-1β, Caspase-1, and GSDMD-N significantly increased, especially in the AIT + DP group (P<0. 01). Conclusions 0. 05% sodium iodide water and CUMS create autoimmune thyroiditis with depression model animals that better simulate the external performance and internal index changes of the diseases. These mice can provide an animal model reference for research into autoimmune thyroiditis with depression.

Abstract: Objective To establish a stable rat model of non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) with clinical characteristics. Methods Dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA) was used to establish a PCOS rat model by subcutaneous injection. Three-week-old female SD rats were divided into a normal group, 6 mg / kg DHEA model group,and 60 mg / kg DHEA model group. The model groups were subcutaneously injected with the corresponding dose of DHEA daily, while the normal group was subcutaneously injected with glycerol daily for 21 consecutive days. The model was evaluated with ovarian histopathology as the gold standard to determine the optimal dosage of DHEA to induce a PCOS rat model. On this basis, the optimal DHEA modeling dose was selected, and stop and continue modeling groups were set up to observe the model for 28 days and evaluate its maintenance. The stop modeling group was no longer given DHEA, and the continued modeling group was subcutaneously injected with 60 mg / kg DHEA every 48 h. The evaluation indicators included body mass, estrous cycle, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, histopathologic morphology of the ovaries, and serum sex hormone levels. Results ( 1) Compared with the normal group, the 6 mg / kg and 60 mg / kg DHEA model groups showed no significant difference in body mass, and their estrous cycles were irregular. There were more cystically dilated large follicles in the ovaries; fewer mature follicles; reduced layers of granulosa cells, which were arranged in a sparse and disorganized manner; and fewer lutea in the 6 mg / kg and 60 mg / kg DHEA model groups than the normal group.Furthermore, serum T and E2 levels were significantly higher in the 60 mg / kg DHEA model group (P<0. 05) than the normal group. ( 2) The stop modeling group ( A₂ group) resumed regular estrous cycles after 2 weeks, various growth follicles and corpora lutea were observed in the ovarian tissues, the number of cystic follicles was reduced, the number of granulosa cell layers increased, mature follicles were visible, oocyte morphology was locally intact, and the levels of E2 and AMH were reduced compared with the normal group(A₁ group) (P<0. 05). (3)The continue model group(B₂ group) was in the late stage of estrous cycle for a long period, and there were more large follicles with cystic dilatation, fewer mature follicles, fewer layers of granulosa cells with a sparse and disordered arrangement, and significantly fewer corpus lutea in the ovaries compared with the normal group(B₁ group). The levels of serum LH, LH/ FSH, and T were elevated (P<0. 05). Conclusions Subcutaneous injection of 60 mg / kg DHEA for 21 consecutive days can be used to successfully construct a non-obese PCOS rat model that possesses clinical characteristics. Subcutaneous injection of 60 mg / kg DHEA every 48 hours maintains the stability of the model.

Abstract: Objective The aim of this study was to establish an acute gastric mucosal injury (AGMI) rat model induced by hydrochloric acid ( HCl) at different concentration gradients and to investigate the effects of intravenous injection of evans blue (EB) at various concentrations and dosages on survival rate and superficial extravasation. Methods (1) Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five weight-based groups: 150 ~ 180 g, 180 ~ 200 g, 200 ~ 250 g, 300 ~400 g, 400 ~ 500 g. Each group was further subdivided into eight subgroups based on HCl concentration, specifically:0. 40, 0. 45, 0. 50, 0. 55, 0. 60, 0. 65, 0. 70 mol / L HCl, along with a control group treated with saline. This result ed in a total of 40 subgroups, with three rats per subgroup, summing up to 120 animals in total. The survival rate of rats 24 hours post-modeling was assessed, and the interaction between body weight and HCl concentration on rat survival was analyzed. Following the establishment of five graded HCl concentrations, gastric mucosal pathological changes were observed microscopically using hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) staining. (2) From these result, the highest suitable concentration of HCl was selected to prepare the AGMI model. Subsequently, rats were randomly allocated into different groups based on the concentration and dose of EB, specifically: EB 1 (0. 5%, 0. 4 mL), EB 2 (1%, 0. 1 mL/ 100 g), EB 3 (1%, 0. 2mL/ 100 g), EB 4 (2%, 0. 1 mL/ 100 g), EB 5 (2%, 0. 2 mL/ 100 g), and EB 6 (5%, 0. 1 mL). Each group consisted of five rats, totaling 30 animals. The survival rate and extent of dermal exudation were evaluated 24 hours post-injection of EB. Results (1) Post-modeling symptoms in AGMI rats intensified with increasing concentrations of HCl, with the 24- hour survival rate in all weight groups being 0% for both 0. 65 mol / L and 0. 70 mol / L HCl. Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated significant differences in survival rates among rats in different HCl concentration groups ( P<0. 001 ).Furthermore, a significant interaction effect between HCl concentration and body weight on rat survival time was observed(P<0. 001 ). The five gradient HCl concentrations established were from 0. 40、 0. 45、 0. 50、 0. 55、 0. 60 mol / L.Histological observations revealed that the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration in the gastric mucosa of AGMI rats escalated with increasing HCl concentrations. (2) AGMI rats prepared with 0. 60 mol / L HCl and injected with 5% EB (0. 1 mL) had a 24 h survival rate of only 40%. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed no significant differences in survival rates among AGMI rats under different concentrations and dosages of EB (P>0. 05). Analysis of superficial extravasation revealed that skin and eye color were lighter in EB 1 group rats, with fewer extravasation points, while rats in EB 4 and EB 5 groups exhibited more apparent skin color changes and extravasation. One-way ANOVA further confirmed that the number of superficial EB extravasation points in the EB 3, EB 4, and EB 5 groups was significantly higher than that in EB 1 group (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Conclusions HCl modeling successfully achieved a setting of multiple precise concentration gradients. Gastric lavage with HCl concentrations ranging from 0. 40 mol / L to 0. 60 mol / L in rats with a fasting body weight of 180 ~ 200 g was used to successfully prepare an AGMI model. Intravenous injection of 2% EB (0. 2 mL/ 100 g) can facilitate the study and analysis of the distribution characteristics of superficial EB extravasation points in AGMI rats over time and as the condition progresses.

Abstract: Objective To study the effect of fine particulate matter (particulate matter 2. 5, PM2. 5) exposure on hepatic lymphangiogenesis in C57BL/ 6J mice and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) model mice, and to provide a novel target for prevention and treatment of PM2. 5-induced liver injury. Methods Forty male C57BL/ 6J mice were randomly divided into a control group, PM2. 5 group, MAFLD group, and PM2. 5-MAFLD group. Mice in the MAFLD and PM2. 5-MAFLD groups were fed high-fat diet for 12 weeks, and mice in the other groups were fed normal chow diet. From weeks 13 to 16, mice in the PM2. 5 and PM2. 5-MAFLD groups were exposed to PM2. 5 by tracheal instillation (twice per week), and mice in the other groups were instilled with saline at the same time. All animals were euthanized 24 h after the last PM2. 5 instillation. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured, and the expression of LYVE1 in liver tissues was visualized using immunofluorescence staining. Hepatic oxidative stress markers levels ( 4-HNE and GSH/ GSSG ) were measured. The protein expression levels of lymphangiogenesis markers ( PROX1 and LYVE1), lymphangiogenesis regulatory protein VEGF-C, and the lymphatic junctional function marker VE-cadherin in liver tissue were determined using Western Blot. Results PM2. 5 exposure significantly increased the levels of serum AST and ALT, markedly decreased the protein expression of PROX1 and LYVE1, increased the protein expression of VEGF-C and VE-cadherin in the liver, increased the level of 4-HNE, and decreased the T-GSH/ GSSG ratio in livers of mice in the MAFLD group (P<0. 05). However, PM2. 5 exposure did not affect the levels of serum AST and ALT, protein expression of PROX1, LYVE1, or VEGF-C; level of 4-HNE; or T-GSH/ GSSG ratio in the livers of the C57BL/ 6J mice (P>0. 05). Conclusions PM2. 5 exposure obviously aggravated hepatic oxidative injury and reduced hepatic lymphangiogenesis by reducing the VEGF-C concentration in the livers of MAFLD model mice.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effects of galectin-3 (Gal3) on skin abscess development and activation of mast cells (MC) in mice infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods Wild type mice and Gal3-knockout (Gal3^{- / -}) mice, at 6 ~ 8 weeks of age, were divided into four groups: Wild type mice + PBS group,Wild type mice + MRSA group, Gal3^{- / -} mice + PBS group, Gal3^{- / -}mice + MRSA group, were subcutaneously injected with MRSA or the same volume of phosphate buffer saline, with five mice per group. The development and pathological changes of skin abscess were monitored and recorded. The bacterial load in skin tissues was compared, and the expression of associated cytokines, degranulation of MC, and the distribution of MC activation marker 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were detected. Results The skin of Wild type mice showed progressive abscesses after subcutaneous infection with MRSA, but the Gal3^{- / -} mice showed smaller abscess areas. Compared to the Wild type mice + MRSA group, the Gal3^{- / -}mice + MRSA group showed lower bacterial loading in the skin tissues (P<0. 01) and fewer infiltrating inflammatory cells with histopathological observation. The expression of cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-33, TGF-β, and IL-10, were significantly lower in Gal3^{- / -} mice than Wild type mice (P<0. 05). The toluidine blue staining showed a large number of degranulated MCs in the skin tissues of the wild type mice + MRSA group, whereas only a few degranulated MCs were observed in the Gal3^{- / -} mice + MRSA group. It was further found that the expression of 5-HT in Gal3^{- / -} mice + MRSA group was significantly lower than that in wild-type mice + MRSA group with immunohistochemical staining. Conclusions Gal3 deficiency reduced the activation and degranulation of mouse skin MC after MRSA infection, resulting in changes to inflammatory responses and alleviating the severity of skin tissue abscesses.

Abstract: Objective A comparative study was conducted on rapid high-altitude models established in SD rats under two hypoxic stress modes, namely, a high-altitude field and simulated high-altitude environment, to evaluate the reliability of the simulated high-altitude test chamber. Methods SD rats were placed in a simulated rapid high-altitude animal experimental chamber (4000 m) or rapid high-altitude field laboratory (4010 m) to establish a rapid high-altitude rat model. After 24 or 72 h of exposure, physiological and pathological indicators related to high-altitude changes were collected and measured, mainly routine blood parameters, blood biochemistry, blood gas, oxidative damage indicators ( superoxide dismutase ( SOD), malondialdehyde ( MDA), glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px )), and inflammation indicators (interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interferon-γ ( IFN-γ), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)), and pathological tissue analysis and hypoxia sensitive gene (hypoxia inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa)) testing were performed. Finally, differential analysis was conducted on the result to obtain a differential evaluation report. Results At the same altitude, both high-altitude field and simulated high-altitude exposure for 72 h caused significant lung and brain damage. Under the same exposure time, the routine blood parameter,blood biochemistry, and blood gas result for the rats were similar. There were no significant differences in the detection of inflammation indicators (IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and IFN-γ), oxidative damage indicators (MDA, SOD, and GSH), or hypoxia-sensitive gene expression (Hif-1α and Vegfa) in the brain. However, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂ ) and base excess (BE) were significantly higher in the simulated-72 h group than the other treatment group. The lung hypoxia-sensitive genes (Hif-1α and Vegfa) in the simulated-72 h group showed no significant expression difference with control group, and the brain coefficient of the high-altitude field treatment group was significantly higher than that of the simulated high-altitude treatment group. These result indicate that there may be slight differences between models prepared in high-altitude field and simulated high-altitude environments. Conclusions The simulated high-altitude animal experimental chamber can successfully establish a rapid high-altitude animal model. The simulated altitude can be appropriately increased on the basis of 4000 m. If an altitude of 4000 meters is used, the exposure time should be greater than 24 h but slightly shorter than 72 h. The simulated high-altitude experimental module has good reliability, but it is advisable to use plateaus for on-site experiments as much as possible, if conditions permit.

Abstract: Objective To prepare decellularized scaffolds from rabbit cartilage at various concentrations and assess their physicochemical properties and compatibility with stem cells to provide an experimental basis for cartilage repair. Methods Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured using the Percoll density gradient separation method, and this was followed by flow cytometric analysis and testing of their osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation capabilities. Cartilage pieces were excised from rabbit knees and hip joints and subjected to physical crushing, repeated freeze-thaw cycles, and mixed enzymatic digestion for decellularization. To compare and observe the physicochemical properties of the decellularized scaffolds at different concentrations, three groups of scaffolds ( labelwd A,B,and C) were designed with concentrations of 100%, 50% and 30%,with three replicates each. Third-generation PKH26-labeled BMSCs were seeded onto optimally concentrated scaffolds and cultured for 1 week to observe cell growth. Results Flow cytometry detected BMSC surface antigens with positive expression of CD44 and CD90 and negative expression of CD45. Osteogenic induction stained with alizarin red showed red calcific nodules, and chondrogenic induction stained with alcian blue showed blue cartilaginous nodules. No apparent cell morphology was observed in the three groups of scaffolds stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and toluidine blue. There was a significant difference in DNA concentration between decellularized samples and non-decellularized scaffolds ( P<0. 05). The content of glycosaminoglycans was slightly lower than the normal values. Significant differences were observed between the three groups of scaffolds in terms of pore size, water absorption, porosity, tensile strength, and Young’ s modulus ( P<0. 05). After co-cultivation of stem cells with the scaffolds, cell adhesion was found to be good. Conclusions Percoll density gradient separation can obtain high-purity rabbit BMSCs, and the mixed decellularization method is superior. Group B scaffolds were the most suitable for tissueengineered cartilage repair. BMSCs cultured in vitro grew well on Group B scaffolds.

Abstract: Objective To study the effects and mechanisms of Smilax glabra flavonoids ( SGF) on myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac inflammation induced by isoproterenol ( ISO) in mice. Methods C57 / 6J mice were randomly divided into a normal group, ISO model group (1. 25 mg / ( kg·d)), SGF low-dose group (50 mg / ( kg·d)), and SGF high-dose group (100 mg / ( kg·d)). The SGF groups were given prophylactic SGF for 7 days before modeling, then subcutaneous ISO injection was given to each group, and echocardiography was performed after continuous injection for 7days. Serum was separated from orbital blood, and the NT-proBNP and inflammatory factor ( IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) contents of the blood were detected. Myocardial specimens were collected, and pathological changes to myocardial tissue were observed. Myocardial ROS levels were detected by DHE staining. The mRNA levels of heart-related hypertrophy genes and changes in the expression of key proteins in the inflammatory pathway of NLRP3 / Caspase-1/ IL-18 in myocardial tissue were detected. Results SGF prophylactic administration decreased IVSd, IVSs, and EF in echocardiography and increased LVIDs, LVIDd, and LVESV. The IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NT-proBNP contents of blood decreased, and the mRNA expression levels of the heart-related hypertrophy genes for ANP, BNP, and β-MHC were subdued. The increase in myocardial ROS levels was also inhibited. The protein expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1 (p20), and IL-18, which are key factors in the NLRP3 / caspase-1/ IL-18 inflammatory pathway, was down-regulated in myocardial tissue. The hypertrophy and disordered arrangement of cardiomyocytes were improved, the increase in fibroblast numbers outside myocardial fibers was reduced, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibrosis of myocardial tissue were alleviated. Conclusions SGF can improve ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac inflammation in mice and may act through the NLRP3 /Caspase-1/ IL-18 inflammatory pathway.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Liangxue-jiedu decoction on acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) model mice and the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) / c-Jun amino terminal kinase ( JNK) / nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods An ACLF mouse model was established using combined treatment of carbon tetrachloride, lipopolysaccharide, and D-galactosamine. Biochemical analysis was performed to evaluate liver function indicators, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin. Histopathological examination was conducted to assess liver tissue morphological changes. Quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and TLR4 in liver tissues. A CCK8 assay was used to evaluate the optimal interventional concentration of Liangxue-jiedu decoction on Raw 264. 7 cells. Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the contents of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the cell supernatant. Protein immunoblotting was performed to measure the expression of TLR4 / JNK/ NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins,including TLR4, NF-κB, p-ERK1 / 2, ERK1 / 2, p-JNK, and JNK. Results Compared with the ACLF model group, the Liangxue-jiedu decoction-treated group showed reduced cell necrosis, fibrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in liver tissues; decreased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin; and lower expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and TLR4 mRNA. Liangxue-jiedu decoction reduced TLR4 / JNK/ NF-κB signaling pathway-related protein expression in liver tissues. The in vitro result also showed that Liangxue-jiedu decoction reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β secretion by macrophage cells and down-regulated the expression of TLR4 / JNK/ NF-κB signaling pathway proteins. Conclusions Liangxue-jiedu decoction effectively improved liver function in ACLF mice in a manner closely related to the downregulation of TLR4 / JNK/ NF-κB pathway proteins.

Abstract: Objective This study was performed to explore the use of intramuscular low-dose Zoletil (1. 5 mg / kg) combined with isoflurane inhalation for tracheal intubation in miniature pigs while preserving spontaneous respiration by determining the 50% and 95% minimum alveolar concentrations effective inhaled (MAC EI₅₀ and MAC EI₉₅ ). The goal was to establish a safe anesthetic method for tracheal intubation in miniature pigs in which intubation is difficult. Methods Forty-four Bama miniature pigs underwent general anesthesia. Following sedation with an intramuscular injection of sufentanil, anesthetic induction was performed using mask inhalation of isoflurane with monitoring of the heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and end-tidal isoflurane concentration. The initial end-tidal isoflurane concentration was set at 2. 0%. The tracheal intubation conditions and outcomes were evaluated using Cooper’ s scoring system, and the dose-response relationship was calculated using Dixon’s up-and-down method. Probit regression was employed to calculate the MAC EI₅₀ and MAC EI₉₅ along with their 95% confidence intervals ( CI). Results In tracheal intubation using direct laryngoscopy with induction by low-dose sufentanil combined with isoflurane inhalation in miniature pigs, the MAC EI₅₀ was 3. 10% (95% CI, 2. 79% ~ 3. 56%)and the MAC EI₉₅ was 3. 77% (95% CI, 3. 41% ~ 6. 42%). With proper monitoring and airway management planning in place, alveolar isoflurane concentrations ranging from 3. 10% to 3. 75% were able to maintain stable vital signs in the miniature pigs. Conclusions The use of Zoletil combined with isoflurane inhalation for tracheal intubation in miniature pigs, aimed at preserving spontaneous breathing, is a preferable and safe anesthetic method for oral airway management in miniature pigs with significant potential for widespread application.

Abstract: Objective Establishment and evaluation of a mouse model of aldosterone-induced multi-organ damage. Methods Twenty mice were randomly divided into four groups, with five mice in each group: a blank control group (0 μg / (kg·d)), a low-dose aldosterone group (150 μg / ( kg·d))), a medium-dose aldosterone group (300 μg /(kg·d)), and a high-dose aldosterone group ( 450 μg / ( kg·d)). Aldosterone-containing osmotic minipumps were surgically implanted under the skin, and aldosterone was infused for 4 weeks to establish the aldosterone-induced damage model. The body weight and blood pressure of the mice were recorded weekly. After the 4 week modeling period, the mice were euthanized, and their tissues were collected for observation and analysis of blood pressure and histological morphology of various organs. Results ( 1) After 4 weeks of aldosterone infusion, the serum aldosterone levels were significantly increased in the medium-dose and high-dose aldosterone groups, but not in the low-dose aldosterone group. (2) After the implantation of osmotic minipumps, the systolic blood pressure was significantly increased in the low-dose, medium-dose, and high-dose aldosterone groups during the second and third weeks, but decreased in all these groups during the fourth week. (3) The kidney and heart in the low-dose, medium-dose, and high-dose aldosterone groups showed varying degrees of damage, interstitial edema, collagen deposition, and fibrotic lesions. The liver in the low-dose aldosterone group showed a small amount of collagen deposition, while the medium-dose and high-dose aldosterone groups showed varying degrees of hepatocyte damage, collagen deposition, and fibrotic lesions. Conclusions Aldosterone can induce multi-organ damage in mice. Under this modeling method, organ damage is mainly manifested as edema, collagen deposition, and fibrotic lesions.

Abstract:The Daurian ground squirrel ( Spermophilus dauricus) is the main animal model used for hibernation research in China. This species has many striking physiological adaptive characteristics, such as an adaptation to extreme hypothermia, a low metabolism, resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury, disuse muscular atrophy, and unique mechanisms of body fat accumulation. These characteristics make the Daurian ground squirrel a unique and significant reference model with research value in clinical and space flight applications. The application of the Daurian ground squirrel as a model animal will help us to further explore the physiological mechanisms mentioned above. This review summarizes the biological characteristics and research values of Daurian ground squirrels in clinical and space flight applications. We also introduce the current progress made in the breeding and experimental animalization of Daurian ground squirrels for laboratory and field research, and advise on precautions that need to be considered during the experimental animalization of this species.

Abstract:The neural circuit is the material carrier for the realization of brain function, consisting of a complex network of different neurons. Neural circuit identification technology tracks the structure and activity of specific neural circuits, to study their adequacy and necessity for brain function, which is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of brain diseases. As a high-tech tool in the fields of neuroscience and brain science, neural circuit identification technology has been gradually introduced into basic traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) research in recent years. This systematic review considers the principles of neural circuit identification technology and progress in its application in the field of TCM neuroscience. We note that future developments in this field should be based on the overall concept of TCM characteristics and the design of syndrome differentiation and treatment. Further research on the neural circuit mechanisms of diverse method of TCM in diseases will help to promote the deep integration of TCM and modern neuroscience.

Abstract:Huntington’ s disease ( HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease, with the main symptoms including chorea-like involuntary movements, psychiatric behavioral abnormalities, and cognitive impairment, which severely affect the lives of patients and consume extensive social and medical resources. Various experimental animal models of HD have been successfully established, to further our understanding of the pathological mechanisms and to explore treatment method of HD. This review outlines the establishment and application of various animal models, ranging from Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish to mice, rats and miniature pigs, and analyzes the characteristics and advantages of the different models. By reviewing the different animal models and their relevant evaluation indicators, this article emphasizes the importance of utilizing a combination of multiple animal models to promote a deeper understanding of the disease mechanisms and develop effective treatment strategies.

Abstract:Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are susceptible hosts of tuberculosis (TB). After infection, TB not only spreads among monkey populations but can also spread to humans. An effective vaccine to protect NHPs from TB has not been developed. Although prevention and control protocols have matured and reduced the incidence of TB among NHPs in captivity, outbreaks continue to occur. This article summarizes the worldwide epidemiological situation of TB in monkeys in captivity and in the wild, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used detection method, and summarizes the most common practices of TB prevention and control in NHPs. Our findings indicate that TB poses a great threat to NHPs, underscoring the importance of raising awareness of TB among NHP breeding workers and managers. Additionally,our result provide a basis for improving current management procedures and offer valuable insights for TB diagnosis,prevention, and control in NHPs in China.

Abstract:Gastric ulcer is a common digestive system disease, and the long-term use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is the second most important cause. NSAID-induced gastric ulcer animal models are key experimental tools for studying the pathogenesis, corresponding treatment method, and effective mechanisms of NSAIDinduced gastrointestinal injury. However, there are currently a lack of reviews on NSAID-induced gastric ulcer animal models. This review summarizes and compares the relevant literature on animal research into indomethacin- and aspirininduced gastric ulcers in the past 10 years, including the selection of experimental animals, drug solvents, and specific modeling method. The limitations of current models, such as the cumbersome modeling method, incomplete modeling details, inadequate models for clinical use, and lack of comparative drug research, are discussed. Feasible solutions are proposed with the aim of providing an effective reference for research in this field.