Abstract: Objective 　By comparing the changes in cerebral blood flow, neuronal morphology in brain tissue, and the levels of serum oxidation and inflammatory factors in models of cerebral hypoperfusion, three experimental rat models were assessed for their suitability as subjects of studies on the mechanisms and therapeutic drugs of cerebrovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Methods　A total of 88 male SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group (n=16), classic bilateral common carotid artery occlusion group (classic 2-VO group, n=24), modified 2-VO group (n=24), and intraluminal thread technique group (n=24). Bilateral common carotid artery ligation was performed on the classic 2-VO group, while blood was drawn from the common carotid artery before ligation in the modified 2-VO group (1 mL/100 g). Middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed on the intraluminal thread technique group. In the sham operation groups of the first two models, the common carotid artery was separated but not ligated, while the proximal end of the common carotid artery and the external carotid artery were ligated; in addition, the bolt thread was not inserted in the sham group of the intraluminal thread technique group. Cerebral blood flow, infarct volume, serum inflammatory factor levels, hematoxylin and eosin-stained morphology, and ultrastructure of the hippocampal tissue were assessed at 1, 3, and 7 days after the operations. Results　Laser speckle interferometry showed a decrease in cerebral blood flow of the modified 2-VO group that was more obvious than that of the other two groups. On day 7, only the modified 2-VO group still had significant differences in cerebral blood flow compared with the sham group, and it remained in a state of hypoperfusion (cerebral blood flow decreased by 30% compared with that before the operation). TTC staining showed that infarcts in the striata of the three groups gradually increased with time after the operation; 4 rats (about 26.7%) in the modified 2-VO group and 10 rats (about 66.7%) in the intraluminal thread technique group had infarcts in both the cortex and striatum. ELISA showed that the levels of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and hs-CRP, in the three groups were increased after the operations, and levels of the pro-oxidation factor ROS were also increased. In contrast, levels of the antioxidant factor SOD decreased. On postoperative day 7, there was no significant difference in the hs-CRP of the classic 2-VO and intraluminal thread technique groups compared with that of the sham group. However, the modified 2-VO group still exhibited significant differences in all the above indicators compared with the sham group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the modified 2-VO group had more severe damage to the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions compared with the other groups. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the modified 2-VO group showed more severe damage to the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum in the hippocampal region compared with the other groups. Conclusions　A cerebral hypoperfusion model was successfully established. Compared with the classic 2-VO and intraluminal thread techniques, the modified 2-VO method can induce more complete cerebral hypoperfusion and more severe neural damage within the same time frame, resembling the pathological state of human cerebral hypoperfusion more closely.

Abstract: Objective 　To observe the effect of quercetin on mechanical allodynia, astrocyte activation, and upregulation of pain-related transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and P2X purinoceptor 3 (P2X3) in mice with paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Methods　Twenty-four C57BL/6 mice were divided randomly into control, model, and model + quercetin groups (n=8 mice per group). Paclitaxel (total dose 8 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into mice in the model and model + quercetin groups to establish the model. Mice in the control group were injected intraperitoneally with the same volume of vehicle. On day 8 after the first injection, mice in the model + quercetin group were injected with 60 mg/kg quercetin solution orally and mice in the other groups were injected with the same volume of vehicle. Mechanical pain was measured by the von Frey test. Activation of astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn was detected by immunofluorescence. Expression levels of TRPV1 and P2X3 in dorsal root ganglia were detected by immunofluorescence and Western Blot. Results　(1)Compared with model group, the mechanical pain of mice in model + quercetin group were relieved.(2)Compared with model group, the activation of astrocytes and the expressions of TRPV1 and P2X3 in mice of model + quercetin group were alleviated(P<0.05). Conclusions　Quercetin can significantly reduce mechanical pain in mice with paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. This mechanism maybe related to alleviating the activation of astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn and reducing expression of TRPV1 and P2X3 in the dorsal root ganglia.

Abstract: Objective 　To investigate the acute toxicity, irritation, and other effects of Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment on hemorrhoid-phased model rats by examining the TLR4/p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Methods Sixteen New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into an intact skin Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment group, intact skin control group, broken skin Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment group, and broken skin control group, with four rabbits in each group. In the experimental group, 20 g of Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment (1 g/mL) was evenly applied to an area on the rabbits depleted of hair, and an equal volume of solvent (mixture of glycerol, lanolin, and water) was evenly applied to the area on the backs of the rabbits in the control group once a day for 14 days. Another 40 rats were taken and randomly divided into a normal group, model group, Maillard group, and hemorrhoid cream group, with 10 animals in each group. The cream was applied once a day for 14 days. The acute toxicity of the cream in the intact and broken skin of rabbits was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and other method after treatment. In situ photographs were taken of the perianal tissues of rats with hemorrhoids to observe the efficacy of Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment, and the length and width of the ulcers were measured with vernier calipers to calculate the area. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of TLR4, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB mRNA in the perianal tissues of the rats. Results　Compared with rabbits in the control groups with intact or broken skin, rabbits in the administered group showed no significant difference in body mass. The mean values for the irritation evaluation points for Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment on rabbits with broken skin for 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h were 1.5, 1, 0.5, and 0.25, respectively, showing there was no obvious skin irritation. In the hemorrhoidal rats, Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment treatment significantly reduced hemorrhoid symptoms after 14 days administration; the ulcer area was significantly smaller (P<0.05) and TLR4, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB mRNA levels were significantly lower compared with the findings in the model group (P<0.05). Conclusions　Shexiang Anhe hemorrhoid ointment is a safe topical treatment with minimal acute toxicity and irritation to the skin and achieved good efficacy in the treatment of hemorrhoidal rats. Its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of the TLR4/p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Abstract: Objective 　To investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet. on fecal bile acid profiles in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Methods　Twenty-four 6-week-old C57 BL/6 male mice were divided randomly into normal, model, drug-administration, and metformin groups. Mice in the normal group were fed a regular diet and mice in the other three groups were given high-fat diets. The drug-administration group was gavaged with 10 mL/kg ethanol extract of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet. daily, and the metformin group was gavaged with 10 mL/kg metformin daily. After 10 weeks, livers were collected to measure hepatic total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C. Feces were collected and analyzed. Results　Body weight (P<0.0001), liver TG (P<0.05), and TC (P>0.05) were all significantly higher in model mice compared with normal mice, while LDL-C (P>0.05) and HDL-C (P<0.001) were significantly lower, indicating abnormal weight gain and lipid metabolism. Alcoholic extract of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet. significantly reduced body weight (P<0.0001), liver TG (P<0.0001), serum TG (P<0.05), TC (P<0.01), and LDL-C (P<0.05) in mice. Methodsological validation showed that the current method could accurately quantify 52 bile acids in feces. Analysis of the concentration of each type of bile acid revealed that alcoholic extract of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet. significantly increased the secondary/primary bile acid ratio (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the bile acid metabolic pattern was significantly altered in all groups. Eight differential bile acids were screened in the drug-administration group relative to the model group using variable importance of projection> 1 and P<0.05. A search of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database revealed that the differential bile acids were mainly involved in the secondary bile acid biosynthesis pathway. Correlation analysis showed that four differential bile acids, deoxycholic acid (r_s=0.6445, P<0.001), isolithocholic acid (r_s=0.5879, P<0.01), 3β-deoxycholic acid (r_s=0.6649, P<0.001), and ω-rhamnoglutaric acid (r_s=0.5387, P<0.01), in feces were strongly positively correlated with body weight. Conclusions　Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet. alcoholic extract may play a role in weight reduction and amelioration of dyslipidemia by modulating secondary bile acid biosynthesis and altering fecal bile acid metabolic profiles.

Abstract: Objective 　A rat model of pulmonary fibrosis was constructed using a single or two intratracheal drops of bleomycin (BLM) and the modeling rate and stability of the two modeling modalities were compared. Methods　A total of 150 specific pathogen-free SD rats were divided randomly into blank control (control), single intratracheal drop of bleomycin (BLM-S), and two intratracheal drops of bleomycin (BLM-M) groups. Rats in the BLM-S group received a single dose of 3 mg/kg BLM by noninvasive intratracheal instillation, and rats in BLM-M group received 3 mg/kg BLM on day 1 and BLM 2 mg/kg on day 14. Rats in the control group were given intratracheal instillation of 0.9% sodium chloride (1 mL/kg). The rats were euthanized on days 28, 42, 56, and 84 after modelling, respectively. Deep inspiratory capacity (IC), vital capacity (VC), static lung compliance (Cchord), and dynamic lung complication (Cdyn) were measured in all rats. Pathological changes in lung tissue were observed, and the extent of alveolitis and fibrosis was graded. Collagen-III (COL-III) expression in rat lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results　(1)The survival rates in the control, BLM-S, and BLM-M groups were 100%, 80%, and 66%, respectively. Rats in the BLM-S and BLM-M groups had significantly lower body weights on days 14 ~ 42 compared with the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01), and rats in the BLM-M group had significantly lower body weight on days 28 ~ 42 than rats in the control and BLM-S groups (P<0.05, P<0.01). (2)Regarding lung function, IC, VC, Cchord, and Cdyn were all markedly decreased in the BLM-S group compared with the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01) and IC, VC, and Cchord were significantly decreased in the BLM-M group (P<0.05, P<0.01) on day 28. IC, VC, and Cchord were significantly decreased in rats in the BLM-S group on day 42 (P<0.05, P<0.01), and were also significantly decreased in rats in the BLM-M group on days 42 ~ 84 (P<0.05, P<0.01). (3)In terms of lung pathology, inflammatory infiltration and fibrous cords appeared in the BLM-S group from days 28 ~ 84 and then gradually decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), while fibrosis and alveolitis were relatively stable in the BLM-M group (P<0.05, P<0.01). (4)COL-III expression levels in lung tissue were significantly higher in rats in the BLM-S and BLM-M groups compared with the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the COL-Ⅲ content in the BLM-S group was significantly lower at 42 ~ 84 days than at 28 days (P<0.05). Conclusions Both method are capable of effectively creating pulmonary fibrosis models. The single-dose approach is straightforward, has a lower death rate, and the degree of fibrosis is clearly visible by day 28, but progressively recovers after 42 days. In contrast, the two-dose instillation model has a greater success rate and better stability, with over half the rats still exhibiting visible fibrosis on day 84.

Abstract: Objective 　To investigate the effects of low-to-moderate intensity treadmill exercise on pain and anxiety-like behaviors in rats with chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI), and to explore the neural mechanism of the exercise-related brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB)cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) pathway in relieving pain and anxiety behaviors in CCI rats. Methods　Thirty-two D rats were divided randomly into four groups: sham group, CCI group, sham + exercise (Sham + Exe) group, and CCI + exercise (CCI + Exe) group. Rats in the exercise groups underwent treadmill training for 4 weeks. The paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) were measured before and at different time points after the operation. The elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OFT) were used to evaluate anxiety-like behaviors in the rats. mRNA and protein expression levels of BDNF, TrkB, and CREB in the hippocampus were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western Blot, respectively. Results　(1) The PWT and PWL on the operative side of the rats were significantly lower in the CCI compared with the sham group at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after the operation (P<0.001). The PWT on the ipsilateral side was significantly increased in the CCI + Exe group after 21 days compared with the CCI group (P<0.05), and the PWL on the ipsilateral side increased significantly after 14 days (P<0.05). (2) The EPM result showed that rats in the CCI group spent a significantly lower proportion of time in the open arms (P<0.001) and significantly more time in the closed arms compared with the sham group (P<0.01). Rats in the CCI + Exe group spent significantly more time in the open arms than the CCI group (P<0.05). (3) The OFT result showed that rats in the CCI group spent a significantly lower proportion of time in the central area of the open field compared with the sham group (P<0.001), while the percentage of time was significantly increased in the CCI + Exe group compared with the CCI group (P<0.05). (4)BDNF, TrkB, and CREB mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus were significantly lower in the CCI group compared with the sham group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Four-week treadmill exercise increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of BDNF, TrkB, and CREB in the hippocampus of CCI rats (P<0.05). Conclusions　Four weeks of treadmill exercise alleviates mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and anxiety induced by chronic pain in CCI rats. Up-regulation of the BDNF/TrkB-CREB pathway may be one of the mechanisms by which exercise relieves chronic pain and improves anxiety.

Abstract: Objective 　To observe splenic T cell apoptosis and XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1), FAS, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α protein expression levels in rats with acute lung injury (ALI), and to determine their roles in the protective effect of Yifei Jianpi formula. Methods　Sixty male specific pathogen-free SD rats were divided randomly into blank, model, positive control, and high-, medium-, and low-dose Yifei Jianpi formula groups. Rats in the positive control group were given 0.5 g/kg dexamethasone by gavage, and rats in the high-, medium-, and low-dose Yifei Jianpi formula groups were given 12, 6, and 3 g/kg Yifei Jianpi formula by gavage, respectively. Rats in the model and blank groups were given equal amounts of saline by gavage. All medications were administered once a day for 14 days. Lung function testing was carried out in all rats. We observed the imaging characteristics of the lungs and changes in the organ index and lung tissue wet/dry weight (W/D) in each group, and detected the pathological changes in lung tissues by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Splenic T-cell subpopulations (CD4⁺/CD8⁺) and apoptosis of splenic T-cells were detected by flow cytometry and XAF1, FAS, and TNF-α protein expression levels in the spleen were detected by Western Blot. Results Rats in the model group showed reduced lung function, decreased spleen and thymus organ indexes, and significantly higher W/D of lung tissue (P<0.01). In addition, they had inflammatory exudation and alveolar rupture in the lung tissue, accompanied by thickening of the lung texture and large areas of ground-glass shadows, with a significant decrease in T-cell subsets (CD4⁺/CD8⁺) and significant increases in XAF1, FAS, and TNF-α proteins, and in the rate of T-cell apoptosis (P<0.01). Yifei Jianpi formula significantly reduced the W/D spleen of rat lung tissues, significantly increased the thymus organ index (P<0.05, P<0.01) and the T-cell subpopulation (CD4⁺/CD8⁺), and significantly decreased the protein expression levels of XAF1, FAS, and TNF-α, and the T-cell apoptosis rate (P<0.05,P<0.01). Conclusions　ALI induced up-regulation of XAF1, FAS, and TNF-α protein expression and T-cell apoptosis in the spleen of rats, and Yifei Jianpi formula may protect against ALI by down-regulating these factors.

Abstract: Objective 　To observe the effects of exercise combined with probiotic intervention on glycolipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and skeletal muscle satellite cell expression in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods　From 60 8 week-old SPF-grade SD male rats, 10 rats were randomly selected as the normal control group (NC), and the rest were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin, establishing a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The diabetic rats were randomly divided into model (TN), exercise +diabetes (YTN), probiotic+diabetes (GTN), and exercise + probiotics + diabetes (YGTN) groups. The exercise groups were subjected to 6 weeks of incremental load aerobic treadmill exercise (speed of 15 m/min for 30 min in week 1, 15 m/min for 60 min in week 2, and 19.3 m/min for 60 min in weeks 3 ~ 6, with continuous training until week 6, 5 days/week). The GTN and YGTN groups were administered 10.0 mL/(kg·d) of Lactibiane Iki probiotic solution (concentration of 107 CFU/mL) one hour before training.Glycolipid metabolism indexes, oxidative stress indexes, and expression of skeletal muscle satellite cell proteins were measured in rats. Results (1)The levels of fasting plasma glucose(FBG),fasting serum insulin(FINS), hemoglobin A1c(HBA1C)and(homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR)were higher in the TN, YTN, GTN, and YGTN groups than in the NC group (P<0.01). The levels of FBG in the YGTN group were lower than those in the TN, YTN, GTN, and YGTN groups (P<0.05). Serum FINS levels in YTN, GTN and YGTN groups were all decreased compared with those in the TN group (P<0.01). Serum HBA1C levels were lower in the YGTN group than the TN, YTN, and GTN groups (P<0.01). The HOMA-IR indices of rats in the YGTN group decreased more significantly compared with those in the TN, YTN, and GTN groups (P<0.01). The result showed that FBG, FINS, HBA1C, and HOMA-IR decreased more significantly in rats in the aerobic exercise combined with probiotic intervention group than the other intervention groups. (2)Serum total cholesterol(T-CHO), triglyceride(TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL)and free fatty acid (FFA)levels in the TN group were higher than those in the NC group (P<0.05), and those of the YGTN group were lower than those of the TN group (P<0.05) and basically restored to the level of the NC group. Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL)levels were lower in the TN group than the NC group (P<0.05), Serum HDL levels of rats in TN group were lower than those of the NC group (P<0.05), and those in the YGTN group were higher than those of TN group (P<0.05), which were basically restored to the level of NC group. The result showed that aerobic exercise combined with probiotic intervention reduced serum T-CHO, TG, LDL, FFA levels and increased HDL levels more significantly than other interventions in diabetic rats. (3)Serum malondialdehyde(MDA)and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α(8isoPGF2α)levels of rats in the TN group were higher than those in the NC group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and those of rats in the YGTN group were lower than those in the TN group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Serum catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the TN group were lower than those in the NC group (P<0.01), and those of rats in the YGTN group were higher than those of the NC group (P<0.01) and were basically restored to the levels of NC group. (4)The protein expression levels of paired box gene 7(Pax7), myogenic determination gene(MyoD),myogenin(MyoG)and myogenic factor 5(Myf5)in the skeletal muscle of rats in the TN group were lower than those in the NC group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and these levels were higher in the YGTN group than the TN group (P<0.05 or P<0.01); basically, the levels were restored to those of the NC group. In the TN group, myostatin(MSTN) protein expression was higher in the TN group than the NC group (P<0.05), and that in the YGTN group was lower than that in the TN group (P<0.05) and basically restored to the level of the NC group. Conclusions　The result showed that probiotics and aerobic exercise had a synergistic effect in improving blood glucose and insulin levels, attenuating insulin resistance, improving lipids and oxidative radicals, and preventing the phenomenon of disturbed glucose metabolism, thus achieving dynamic equilibrium regulation in type 2 diabetic rats. Aerobic exercise combined with probiotics also promoted myoblast differentiation, which played a role in preventing T2DMinduced loss of muscle mass and strength as well as muscle tissue complications.

Abstract: Objective 　To investigate the effects of MCSO on physiological behavior and antioxidant index in D. melanogaster. Methods　One-day-old wild type D. melanogaster was divided into control group, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% dose groups, as well as male and female groups. The control group was exposed to the base medium, and each dose group was exposed to the MCSO medium added with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% concentrations, respectively. The optimal dosage concentration and time of administration were investigated by climbing experiment. Then the flies were divided into control group, model group and MCSO group. The model group was established by depriving the flies of sleep through repeated nocturnal light stimulation. Period of drug treatment, appetite test, negative geotaxis ability test, stress test, olfactory memory test, and sleep-wake rhythm detection were used to explore the effects of MCSO on their physiological behavior. The activities of super oxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results　MCSO enhanced the locomotory ability of 30-day-old D. melanogaster (P<0.01), increased the activity of SOD and CAT (P<0.01), and decreased the concentration of MDA (P<0.01). Improve olfactory memory of senile fruit flies. After sleep deprivation, the night sleep time of female Drosophila model group was reduced (P<0.05), and that of male Drosophila model group was reduced (P<0.01). After feeding MCSO, the night sleep time of female drosophila model group was extended (P<0.05), and that of male drosophila model group was extended (P<0.01). Conclusions　MCSO had a certain antioxidant effect, prolonging the sleep time and improving the olfactory memory of sleep-deprived Drosophila.

Abstract:Prostate cancer is a prevalent malignant tumor in the male genitourinary system, characterized by a high propensity for bone metastasis. It is a leading cause of mortality, with approximately 70% of deaths attributed to this form of metastasis. Mouse models provide a crucial tool in the investigation of prostate cancer bone metastasis, and play a pivotal role in elucidating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and in the development and assessment of therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize research progress in the construction method and evaluation strategies used in establishing prostate cancer bone metastasis mouse models. Notably, this review focuses on the exploration of the mechanisms responsible for prostate cancer bone metastasis, using mouse models, with the aim of offering insights and serving as a valuable reference for prostate cancer bone metastasis.

Abstract:Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) refers to damage to the sinoatrial node and its surrounding tissues, which leads to excitation and conduction dysfunction of the sinoatrial node, Results ing in arrhythmia diseases. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of SSS is required to provide a basis for its treatment, including establishing an animal model that can simulate human sinus node dysfunction. In this paper, we review the animal selection, the principles and method of modeling, and the evaluation method and detection indicators of the models, to provide a basis for further studies of the pathogenesis of SSS.

Abstract:Dwarfism is a globally rare growth disorder, usually caused by genetics or disease, with the most prominent phenotype being short stature. Animal models are important tools for studying its pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment options, and identifying potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers. The development of genetic engineering technology has greatly promoted the application of gene-edited animal models in the study of dwarfism. In this review, we summarize and discuss the existing animal models of dwarfism in terms of their theoretical basis, model characteristics, and research applications. This offers a reference for researchers and clinicians aiming to better conduct research on the pathogenesis and prevention of dwarfism.

Abstract:Maternal separation is a kind of social deprivation in early life that has been shown to impede the learning and memory abilities of rodents (mainly rats or mice) in adulthood. Animal models of mother-infant separation are commonly used to study the manifestations and mechanisms of learning and memory impairment. In this paper, an animal model of maternal-infant separation and related mechanisms of maternal-infant separation that affect offspring’s learning and memory are reviewed to provide a basis for subsequent research on maternal-infant separation.

Abstract:Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) includes a range of illnesses from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, attributable to cerebrovascular factors. Although appropriate animal models are needed to allow clinicopathological research and drug development, there are currently no animal models that can perfectly simulate the pathogenesis of VCI. At present, carotid artery and vertebral artery stenosis or occlusion are the main method for VCI modeling; however, increasing numbers of non-surgical method have recently emerged, providing new ideas and prospects for the study of this disease. In this paper, we consider the construction method, model mechanisms, and model characteristics of non-surgical animal models of VCI, to provide a reference to help researchers choose the most suitable animal model.