The incidence of obesity continues to rise globally, presenting a major challenge in public health. As a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysfunction, obesity significantly increases the risk of multiple complications. Current basic research in this field primarily relies on preclinical animal models and two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems. However, these models exhibit significant limitations, including substantial species differences, strong multivariable interference, and limited ability to simulate the authentic human microenvironment. In recent years, organoid technology has rapidly evolved as a threedimensional (3D) in vitro model, offering novel approaches for fundamental obesity research. This technology can highly replicate the complex structures and physiological microenvironments of human tissues, demonstrating unique value in simulating obesity-related tissue microenvironments, reproducing disease progression dynamics, and advancing translational medicine applications. This paper primarily reviews the role of organoid technology in constructing models of obesity and its major complications, and explores the application of organoids in obesity treatment, aiming to provide new insights for studying the mechanisms of obesity and developing therapeutic strategies.