Endometriosis (EMs) is a common and complex gynecological disease. Its complex pathogenesis involves a dynamic interactive network of multiple factors, including genetic susceptibility, immune imbalance, chronic inflammatory microenvironment, and hormonal dysregulation. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown unique potential in the treatment of EMs through its holistic regulatory advantages. This study systematically reviews experimental evidence on the treatment of EMs with Chinese herbal compound preparations (herbal decoctions and Chinese patent medicines), active components of individual medicinal herbs, and their extracts. The findings reveal that TCM can modulate key signaling pathways such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, JAK2/STAT3, TGF-β, HIF-1α, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Nrf2. Through this, it forms an integrated "multi-target network regulation" pattern. This pattern synergistically exerts comprehensive therapeutic effects, including modulating inflammatory responses, inhibiting angiogenesis, regulating programmed cell death, modulating hormone levels, suppressing cell adhesion and invasion, exerting anti-fibrotic effects, and improving oxidative stress. These findings not only provide new evidence for elucidating the scientific connotations of TCM in treating EMs, but also open new avenues for developing modern multi-target therapeutic strategies based on TCM theory.