Intestinal barrier dysfunction is an important etiological and pathological feature of many diseases. The role of microRNA in intestinal barrier injury is the subject of more and more attention and increasingly focused research. Studies have found that microRNA can be involved in the destruction or protection of intestinal barrier function by combining different targets to regulate structural proteins, apoptosis, immunity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The research is summarized, and different mechanisms of microRNA regulation of the intestinal barrier are discussed, to explore the potential value of microRNA when studying the mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases.