Neurodegenerative diseases are common conditions globally that involve the degeneration of neurons, for which no effective curative measures are available. Stem cells have the potential to undergo self-renewal and directional differentiation, potentially providing new therapeutic method for the recovery of brain function in neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, with the development of stem cell biology, it has been found that adipose stem cells are pluripotent stem cells that develop from the middle germ layer, which can differentiate into different lineages upon exposure to specific growth factors and environmental conditions.They have the benefits of being easily accessible to researchers and simple to culture. Therefore, adipose tissue-derived stem cells have unique advantages in treating neurodegenerative diseases. This article provides an overview of neurodegenerative diseases, the biological characteristics of adipose-derived stem cells, and the conditions for differentiating them into the components of neural systems.