Premature ovarian insufficiency ( POI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by menstrual disorders accompanied by high gonadotropin and low estrogen in women under the age of 40. POI causes destructive damage to a woman’s endocrine function, fertility and even normal life. Understanding the signal transduction pathways related to POI is of great significance in explaining the causes of POI, restoring ovarian function and finding potential drug treatment targets and new therapeutic technologies. In this review, we summarize the recent research advances of POI-related signaling pathways, mainly focusing on the transforming growth factor-β ( TGF-β) superfamily, PI3K-AKT and Hippo signaling pathways.