With the increase in human activity in plateau and mountainous areas in recent years, high-altitude exposure has become increasingly common. Many patients with underlying diseases are affected by hypobaric hypoxia in plateau environments, which further aggravates disease processes and even leads to cognitive disorders. Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease that induces periodontal local inflammatory responses and even causes central nervous system inflammation. At high altitudes, the body suffers from decreased immunity and tissue hypoxia, which can promote the occurrence and development of periodontitis and may even increase the risk of periodontitis-induced central nervous system inflammation. As plateau medical research advances, the relationship between periodontitis and central nervous system inflammation in hypobaric hypoxia environments at plateau is attracting more and more attention. This work reviews the progress of research on periodontitis and central nervous system inflammation and discusses the correlation between periodontitis and central nervous system inflammation when exposed to hypobaric hypoxia in plateau environments.