Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is known to modulate the expression of genes related to cell transformation, proliferation, and survival, making it a significant target for cancer therapy. Recent research has also highlighted the crucial involvement of aberrant STAT3 activation in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Accordingly, this article focuses on the therapeutic potential of targeting STAT3 in DKD. The structure of STAT3, its mechanisms of activity regulation, mechanisms of abnormal STAT3 activation in DKD, and a summary of the current research is provided. The review aims provide a reference for research into the pathogenesis of DKD and the development of new drugs.