Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by the direct or indirect effects of external factors that result in structural or functional loss of brain tissue. Astrocytes are homeostatic cells in the central nervous system that proliferate and activate rapidly in the early stages of TBI. They then participate in a series of pathological processes, such as neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, glial scarring, and excitotoxicity after injury, and thus play a crucial role in secondary neurological injury following TBI. This paper reviews the role of astrocytes in the repair of TBI damage, with the aim of providing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of TBI.