Oxidative stress (OS) and dopaminergic neuron (DN) dysfunction are implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of various neurological disorders. As the primary active component of the traditional Chinese herb Scutellaria baicalensis, baicalin has garnered significant attention due to its potent antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties. Baicalin exhibits a particular affinity for the dopamine (DA) system, maintaining cerebral DA levels by regulating oxidative stress (OS)-related pathways, suggesting that the DA system serves as the “intracerebral target system” through which it exerts its neuroprotective effects. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a central transcription factor regulating redox homeostasis, plays a pivotal role in the anti-OS process mediated by baicalin. This systematic review covers the pharmacological effects of baicalin, providing an in-depth mechanistic analysis of the interaction between OS and DN, with a focus on the latest research progress in baicalinmediated treatment of OS through the Nrf2 signaling pathway in neurological diseases to provide theoretical references for the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms of baicalin’s anti-OS modulation of the DA system for the treatment of neurological diseases.