Migraine is a common neurological disorder with a complex pathogenesis that is currently not fully understood; however, the role of mitochondrial function in migraine pathogenesis has recently attracted widespread attention. This review considers the latest research progress on the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and migraine, including mitochondrial energy metabolism, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and neuroinflammation. We introduce the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of migraine, and provide a detailed exploration of the key role of mitochondria in these processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to increased neuronal excitability, abnormal vasoconstriction, and inflammatory responses, thereby inducing migraine. Based on the evidence of mitochondrial involvement in the pathogenesis of migraine, we propose future research directions and potential treatment strategies, with the aim of providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of migraine.