Non-human primate animal models are core tools for the study of highly pathogenic microorganisms and are irreplaceable in the fields of pathology and drug discovery. However, anatomical sampling of non-human primate infection models in high-level biosafety laboratories carries potential risk and related risk assessment and control measures require clarification. Based on biosafety regulations and practical experience, we systematically discuss the risk control strategies of anatomical operations with respect to personal protection, instrument selection, anatomical specifications, documentation, and personnel training. Our review will help to improve the management of high-level biosafety laboratories, reduce the risk of pathogen escape and human infection,and provide support for the safe research of highly pathogenic microorganisms.