The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase ( cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes ( STING) signaling pathway is a crucial DNA recognition and signaling mechanism in the innate immune system, which is widely involved in the occurrence and development of immune-related diseases. However, excessive activation of this pathway in inflammatory lung diseases may lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, thereby promoting disease progression. Research has indicated that cGAS converts ATP and GTP into cGAMP, activating the STING pathway, which triggers the production of type I interferons ( IFN) and participates in the immune response, cellular senescence, and inflammation processes. This review systematically discusses the role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in inflammatory pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the latest advancements in related drug research. The latest progress in the study of cGAS-STING-related inhibitors is reviewed. This review provides a reference for further studies of the pathogenesis of inflammatory pulmonary diseases and targeting therapeutic strategies, offering new perspectives for future research.