Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) represents a global health issue characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP), particularly SREBP-1c and SREBP-2, are key transcriptional regulators of lipid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism. Growing evidence indicates that SREBPs play a central role in MASLD pathogenesis by modulating lipogenesis, interacting with insulin signaling, and regulating endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. This review explores the role of SREBPs in MASLD pathogenesis, along with related influencing factors and therapeutic strategies, providing valuable insights for a deeper understanding of the disease mechanisms and for the development of novel SREBP-targeted treatments.