Bariatric surgery is a key obesity treatment. However, such procedures risk micronutrient deficiencies; these can exert a wide range of adverse effects and, in severe cases, may even be life-threatening.Adequate micronutrient levels contribute to postoperative weight loss, visceral fat reduction, and improved metabolic health, and positively impact indicators such as liver function, blood lipids, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. This article elaborates on the current status of micronutrient deficiencies in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery and corresponding supplementation strategies, aiming to provide a reference for screening, supplementation, and prevention in this population.