Exosomes are small endosomal derived extracellular vesicles with lipid bilayer structure, which contain substances such as protein, lipids, DNA, RNA, miRNA and lncRNA. Exosomes participate in pathogen recognition, antigen presentation, autophagy regulation, immune activation and immunosuppression in bacterial infection. Studies have shown that miRNA, lncRNA and protein in exosomes play important roles in regulating antibacterial reaction of organism. We reviewed the immunomodulatory effects of exosomes on several intracellular and extracellular bacterial infections to provide evidence for studying the interaction between exosomes and bacterial infections.