Objective This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the Sanjie Quban Recipe on a keloid nude mice model and its impact on Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Methods Keloid tissue after surgical resection was transplanted into the subcutaneous back of healthy SPF BALB/C female nude mice aged 6-8 weeks, and the keloid nude mice model was established. The mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, 5 in each group. They were respectively treated with Sanjie Quban Recipe, Asiaticoside tablet and sterile pure water. After 28 days of continuous gavage, keloid tissue was exfoliated and weighed, HE staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemical staining (TGF-β1). The difference of keloid weight between the three groups before and after treatment was compared, and the difference of collagen fiber, fibroblast number and TGF-β1 expression between the three groups after treatment was also compared. Results The weight difference of keloid in the Asiaticoside tablet group was greater than that in the control group, and the weight difference before and after keloid treatment was the largest in the Sanjie Quban Fang group compared with the Asiaticoside tablet group and the control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the collagen fibers in Sanjie Quban Fang group were loose and the number decreased. The number of fibroblasts decreased. The expression of TGF-β1 in Sanjie Quban Formula group was decreased compared with control group (P < 0.01). Conclusion Sanjie Quban Recipe has certain therapeutic effect on keloid, the mechanism may be through reducing the expression of TGF-β1 in keloid tissue, thereby reducing the proliferation of fibroblasts and the synthesis of extracellular matrix. This study provides experimental basis and theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of keloid with Chinese medicine.