In recent years, with the increasing number of people active in the plateau and mountainous areas, high altitude exposure has become increasingly common, and many patients with underlying diseases are affected by the hypobaric hypoxia of the plateau environment, which further aggravates the disease process and even leads to cognitive disorders. Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease that induces periodontal local inflammatory responses and even causes central nervous system inflammation. At high altitudes, the body suffers from decreased immunity and tissue hypoxia, which can promote the occurrence and development of periodontitis and may even increase the risk of periodontitis leading to central nervous system inflammation. With the deepening of plateau medicine research, the relationship between periodontitis and central nervous system inflammation in the hypobaric hypoxia of plateau environment has attracted more and more attention. This work reviews the research progress of periodontitis and central nervous system inflammation and discusses the correlation between periodontitis and central nervous system inflammation in the hypobaric hypoxia environment at plateau.