Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumour with biliary epithelial features. Currently, early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma is difficult and the outcome of treatment is poor. Its microenvironment includes abundant fibrotic mesenchyme and a variety of cell types, and these components promote the development and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma by interacting with tumour cells through mechanisms such as facilitating migration, suppressing immune response and inducing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Immunotherapy is one of the important means of current tumour treatment, and immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma has made some progress. This article reviews the characteristics of the immune microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma, its relationship with immunotherapy and cutting-edge therapeutic strategies.