Migraine is a common neurological disorder, and its pathogenesis is complex and not fully understood. In recent years, the role of mitochondrial function in the pathogenesis of migraine has attracted widespread attention. This article reviews the latest research progress on the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and migraine, including mitochondrial energy metabolism, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and neuroinflammation. The article first introduces the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of migraine, and explores in detail the key role of mitochondria in these processes. Research has found that mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to increased neuronal excitability, abnormal vasoconstriction, and inflammatory responses, thereby inducing migraine. Based on the evidence of mitochondrial involvement in the pathogenesis of migraine, this article summarizes the current research progress on mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of migraine, and proposes future research directions and potential treatment strategies, aiming to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of migraine.