Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic synovitis and pannus formation, with an unknown etiology. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has emerged as a critical therapeutic target for RA. In recent years, significant progress has been made in related research; however, systematic reviews and integrated analyses remain inadequate. Based on this context, this article explores the mechanisms underlying the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the pathological progression of RA, including its regulation of inflammatory responses, fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) proliferation, apoptosis, bone destruction, and angiogenesis pathways. Furthermore, it summarizes the latest research advancements in the modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers (such as phenolics, terpenoids, and quinones) and TCM compound formulations (including Chinese patent medicines and other compound types) for the treatment of RA. The aim is to provide theoretical foundations and reference directions for clinical applications and the development of novel drugs for RA.