Macaques are experimental animals widely used in biomedical research. Monkey B virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus Type 1, BV) is a zoonotic pathogen. When it naturally infects macaques, the infection rate in macaques can be as high as 70% to 100%. BV infection in macaques usually presents as asymptomatic or mild symptoms, but once transmitted to humans, it can cause severe encephalomyelitis and neurological sequelae, with a fatality rate of over 40% for infected cases. BV can also remain latent in the human body for a long time and be reactivated under specific circumstances, leading to serious neurological diseases. Most people infected with BV are animal caregivers, veterinarians and laboratory researchers. The severity of human BV infection makes BV the main zoonotic disease problem among those in contact with macaques. At present, there is no vaccine to prevent human infection with BV, nor are there any specific antiviral drugs for BV. Therefore, implementing preventive measures through occupational health and safety management, conducting standardized emergency response to exposure incidents, and promptly blocking or reducing the invasion of BV are key strategies for lowering the risk of human BV infection and mortality. This article reviews the characteristics of human cases of BV infection, preventive measures for occupational health and safety management related to BV, emergency treatment measures after exposure, exposure risk assessment, post-exposure prophylaxis, and key points of post-exposure follow-up, with the aim of providing useful references for laboratory animal institutions and medical institutions in the practice of BV prevention and control.