Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a leading global cause of mortality and neurological dysfunction, characterized by a dynamic pathological process primarily involving primary injury and secondary injury. External mechanical forces directly inflict the primary injury, causing extensive vascular disruption and widespread shearing disruption of axonal fibers in white matter, which triggers cerebral hemorrhage and cellular damage; this is followed by secondary injury, where neuronal degeneration, chronic neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction further exacerbate the pathology. Current clinical strategies such as surgical intervention, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and dietary interventions offer only symptomatic treatment and fail to significantly improve long-term prognosis, necessitating innovative alternative therapeutic approaches and effective delivery strategies. The emergence of tissue engineering provides promising alternatives through the use of biomaterials including hydrogels, electrospun nanofibers, and nanoparticle based drug delivery systems. These biomaterials can construct biomimetic microenvironments, overcome blood brain barrier (BBB) delivery limitations, and enable multilevel synergistic modulation of neural repair. This review aims to synthesize recent advances in tissue engineering for TBI treatment, analyze therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms, and provide novel insights for future research.