Currently, sleep disorders have become an important issue affecting global public health, and their incidence is increasing year by year. The pathogenesis of sleep disorders is complex and not yet fully defined, involving oxidative stress, inflammation, neurotransmitter imbalance and endocrinology disorders, etc. The Sirt1/PGC-1α signal pathway plays a key role in the regulation of cellular metabolism, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function, and is closely related to the pathogenesis of sleep disorders. Sirt1, as a class III hi stone acetylene, can activate antioxidant enzymes and inhibit the activity of inflammation-related transcription factors through deescalation modification; PGC-1α, as a conscription co-activator, can regulate mitochondrial biosynthesis and enhance the antioxidant capacity of mitochondria. The two interact with each other to regulate oxidative stress, inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, and neurotransmitter function, and improve the pathological manifestations associated with sleep disorders. Based on this signal pathway, therapeutic strategies for sleep disorders include pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Although some progress has been made in the study of the Sirt1/PGC-1α signal pathway, its specific mechanism of action in different brain regions and cell types still needs to be explored in depth. Therefore, the development of drugs based on this pathway needs to be further optimism to provide a stronger basis for the precise treatment of sleep disorders.