Neurodegenerative diseases are a category of central nervous system disorders primarily characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. However, growing evidence suggests that probiotics may exert therapeutic and preventive effects against AD by mitigating oxidative stress and reducing abnormal hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein. This review summarizes prevailing hypotheses on AD pathogenesis, characteristic neuropathological changes, evidence supporting the efficacy of probiotics in AD treatment and prevention, specific probiotic strains used, and their underlying mechanisms of action. Together, this work provides a systematic overview of the role of probiotics in the management and prevention of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.