Objective To determine the current pathogenic microbiology quality status of experimental rats and mice in Shaanxi province, we analyzed quality monitoring result from 2017 to 2021 to provide a reference for health screening of laboratory rats and mice. Methods Using the current national standards GB 14922. 2-2011, GB/ T 14926- 2001, and GB/ T 14926. 21-2008, the Laboratory Animal Quality Supervision and Testing Center of Shaanxi carried out pathogenic microbial and parasite quality sampling tests on SPF rats and mice in all licensed companies and research institutes, and then analyzed the result. Results From 2017 to 2021, 2549 SPF mice and 503 SPF rats were collected from 109 and 45 organizations, respectively. Mouse parasite detection showed a reduction of mites from 5. 26% to 0. 15%, intestinal flagellates from 10. 53% to 0. 45%, Salmonella and Tyzzer’s organism from 2. 78% and 1. 38%, respectively, to undetected. Intestinal helminths increased from 0. 40% to 2. 39%. In rats, there were declines in mites and Staphylococcus aureus from 7. 07% and 1. 77%, respectively, to undetected, intestinal flagellates from 11. 50% to 0. 83%, and enrichment of helminths from 3. 79% to 7. 50%. In terms of positive rates of mouse serum antibodies, in 2017, mouse hepatitis virus ( 4. 71%), Sendai virus ( 1. 39%), and minute virus of mice ( 2. 22%) were positive. Additionally, in 2021, mouse hepatitis virus (0. 30%) and Sendai virus (0. 15%) were positive. These result indicated raised trends of both pneumonia virus of mice and reovirus type III. However, there was a reduction in Sendai virus from 7. 07% to 0. 83% and an increase of pneumonia virus from 0. 88% to 10. 00%. In rats, although parvovirus and coronavirus had predominant potentials, which were detected in the past 5 years, the number of infected organizations and the positive rate showed a downward trend annually. Conclusions The test result in the past 5 years showed that pathogenic microorganisms in rats and mice in Shaanxi province had improved yearly. However, many problems still existed. Therefore, strict biosafety prevention and control measures should be conducted continuously, and the animal experimentation process should be strengthened to ensure that animals are qualified within the experimental period.