Objective To explore the protective effect of Xueshuantong capsule on acute myocardial ischemic injury and its antithrombotic effect in rats. Methods The rat model of acute myocardial ischemia(AMI) was developed by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 24 hours. The effects of Xueshuantong capsule, a drug of traditional Chinese medicine, on the electrocardiogram(ECG) and myocardial infarct size was observed. The serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), creatine kinase(CK), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), creatine kinase-MB(CK-MB), and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase(α-HBDH) were detected by biochemistry. Blood was taken from the rats, and the thrombolytic effect and the platelet aggregation rate in vitro were observed. Results Xueshuantong capsule in each dose(60, 30, 15 mg/kg)group significantly reduced the myocardial infarct size, and lowered the serum contents of CK, LDH, and CK-MB. Xueshuantong capsule in a dose of 30 and 15 mg/kg significantly promoted the thrombolysis in vitro, and Xueshuantong capsule in a dose of 60, 30 and 15 mg/kg significantly inhibited the ADP-and collagen-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Conclusions Xueshuantong capsule exerts protective effects on acute myocardial ischemic injury in rats. This effect may be partly associated with its antithrombotic effect.