Ischemic cerebral stroke is a clinical syndrome in which various cerebrovascular diseases cause blood supply disorders in the brain, leading to ischemia and hypoxic necrosis of local brain tissue and corresponding neurological deficits rapidly appear. Astrocyte extracellular vesicles contain various growth factors, proteins, and miRNAs. By participating in communication between brain cells by binding to endothelial cell receptors, transferring to neurons, and being taken up by neurons, astrocyte extracellular vesicles promote neurogenesis and angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia. Thus, astrocyte extracellular vesicles have a protective effect on neurons damaged after cerebral ischemia and are a potential target for treatment and prevention of central nervous system diseases. This article reviews the contents of astrocyte extracellular vesicles and their protective effects against ischemic stroke to provide a theoretical basis for clinical research of novel therapeutic strategies.