Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of five-element music on the social behavior of the children of mothers with fear stress during pregnancy and provide a basis for the early prevention and treatment of clinical fetogenic affective disorders. Methods Forty-five pregnant mice were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, model group, and five-element music group. The model and five-element music group models were established using the bystander electric shock method. Additionally, the five-element music group was exposed to Palace Tune five-element music daily from 17:00 to 19:00 during pregnancy. On the 19th day of pregnancy, ELISA was employed to assess the levels of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol (CORT) in the serum of pregnant mice in each group for modeling evaluation. The offspring were subsequently grouped with their mother and underwent an 8-week-old three-box social experiment to observe their social behavior. We used the immunofluorescence double-labeling method to detect glutamatergic neuron activity in the medial prefrontal cortex ( mPFC ) of the offspring. High-performance liquid chromatography was employed to measure the total glutamate (Glu) content in the mPFC, while Gorky staining was used to observe changes in the dendritic spines of mPFC neurons in the offspring. Results Compared to those in the blank group,pregnant mice in the model group exhibited a significant increase in the levels of ACTH and CORT in their serum, and there was a significant decrease in the social interaction time and social novelty preference index of their offspring. There was also a significant decrease in glutamate neuron activity, glutamate content, and neuronal dendritic spine density. In contrast, compared with those in the model group, pregnant mice in the five-element music group demonstrated a reduction in the levels of ACTH and CORT in the serum, and there were improvements in the social behavior, glutamate neuron activity, glutamate content, and condition of neuronal dendritic spines in the offspring. Conclusions Intervention with five-element music effectively ameliorated the offspring’ s social behavior disorder result ing from prenatal fear stress; the mechanism was potentially linked to enhanced glutamate neuron activity in the mPFC region.