Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor with biliary epithelial features. The early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma is currently difficult and the treatment outcomes are poor. Its microenvironment includes abundant fibrotic mesenchyme and a variety of cell types, which promote the development and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma by interacting with tumor cells through mechanisms such as facilitating migration, suppressing the immune response, and inducing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Immunotherapy is an important tumor treatment approach, and immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma has made some progress. This article reviews the characteristics of the immune microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma, its relationship with immunotherapy, and cutting-edge therapeutic strategies.