Sex hormone levels in women during the menopause are closely related to the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and decreased levels of estrogen jointly drive the pathological process of Alzheimer’ s disease, including amyloid-β protein deposition, microtubule fibrillary tangles,neuroinflammation, and excessive activation of glial cells. This article reviews the relevant pathways and mechanisms by which the increase in follicle-stimulating hormone levels and deficiency of estrogen during the menopause exacerbate the pathological process of Alzheimer’s disease, providing a reference for subsequent treatment of this disease.